epiR (version 2.0.75)

epi.smr: Confidence intervals and tests of significance of the standardised mortality [morbidity] ratio

Description

Computes confidence intervals and tests of significance of the standardised mortality [morbidity] ratio.

Usage

epi.smr(obs, exp, method = "byar", conf.level = 0.95)

Value

A data frame listing:

obs

the observed number of events, as entered by the user.

exp

the expected number of events, as entered by the user.

est

the point estimate of the SMR.

lower

the lower bound of the confidence interval of the SMR.

upper

the upper bound of the confidence interval of the SMR.

test.statistic

test statistic of the significance of the SMR.

p.value

the probability that the null hypothesis (i.e., the number of observed events divided by the expected number of events equals 1) is true.

Arguments

obs

scalar integer, defining the observed number of events.

exp

scalar number, defining the expected number of events.

method

character string, defining the method used. Options are chi2, mid.p, fisher, byar, rothman.greenland, ury.wiggins and vandenbroucke. See details, below.

conf.level

magnitude of the returned confidence interval. Must be a single number between 0 and 1.

Details

This function calculates the standardised mortality [morbidity] ratio based on scalars defining the observed and expected number of [disease] events.

The hypothesis that the SMR equals one is tested using the Chi square test, the Mid-P exact test, the Fisher exact test and Byar's approximation. Confidence intervals for the SMR are calculated using the Mid-P exact test, the Fisher exact test, Byar's approximation, Rothman and Greenland's method, Ury and Wiggin's method and the Vandenbroucke method.

Exact confidence intervals and p-values should be used when the number of observed events is less than or equal to five. For greater numbers of observed events, the approximation methods (Byar's, Rothman and Greenland, Ury and Wiggins and Vandenbroucke) should be used.

A two-sided test of significance is returned, using the test statistic appropriate for the method used.

References

Armitage P, Berry G, Mathews J (2002). Statistical Methods in Medical Research. Blackwell Publications London.

Lash TL, VanderWeele TJ, Haneuse S, Rothman KJ (2021). Modern Epidemiology. Lippincott - Raven Philadelphia, USA, pp. 99.

Miettinen OS (1974). Comment. Journal of the American Statistical Association 69: 380 - 382.

Rothman K, Boice J (1979). Epidemiologic Analysis with a Programmable Calculator. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Washington, USA.

Snedecor G, Cochran W (1989). Statistical Methods. Iowa University Press Ames, Iowa.

Ury H, Wiggins A (1985). Another shortcut method for calculating the confidence interval of a Poisson variable (or of a standardized mortality ratio). American Journal of Epidemiology 122, 197 - 198.

Vandenbroucke J, (1982). A shortcut method for calculating the 95 percent confidence interval of the standardized mortality ratio (Letter). American Journal of Epidemiology 115, 303 - 304.

Examples

## EXAMPLE 1:
## The observed number of disease events in a province is 4; the expected
## number of disease events is 3.3. What is the standardised morbidity ratio
## and its 95% confidence interval? Test the hypothesis that the SMR equals
## one.

epi.smr(obs = 4, exp = 3.3, method = "mid.p", conf.level = 0.95)

## The standardised morbidity ratio is 1.2 (95% CI 0.38 to 2.9). We accept 
## the null hypothesis and conclude that the SMR does not significantly 
## differ from one (p = 0.657).