geomorph (version 3.0.3)

advanced.procD.lm: Procrustes ANOVA and pairwise tests for shape data, using complex linear models

Description

The function quantifies the relative amount of shape variation explained by a suite of factors and covariates in a "full" model, after accounting for variation in a "reduced" model. Inputs are formulae for full and reduced models (order is not important, but it is better to list the model with the most terms first or use a geomorph data frame), plus indication if means or slopes are to be compared among groups, with appropriate formulae to define how they should be compared.

Usage

advanced.procD.lm(f1, f2, groups = NULL, slope = NULL, angle.type = c("r",
  "deg", "rad"), pc.shape = FALSE, iter = 999, seed = NULL,
  print.progress = TRUE, data = NULL, ...)

Arguments

f1

A formula for a linear model, containing the response matrix (e.g., y ~ x1 + x2)

f2

A formula for another linear model (e.g., ~ x1 + x2 + x3 + a*b). f1 and f2 should be nested.

groups

A formula for grouping factors (e.g., ~ a, or ~ a*b)

slope

A formula with one covariate (e.g., ~ x3)

angle.type

A value specifying whether differences between slopes should be represented by vector correlations (r), radians (rad) or degrees (deg)

pc.shape

An argument for whether analysis should be performed on the principal component scores fo shape. This is a useful option if the data are high-dimensional (many more variables that observations) but will not affect results

iter

Number of iterations for significance testing

seed

An optional argument for setting the seed for random permutations of the resampling procedure. If left NULL (the default), the exact same P-values will be found for repeated runs of the analysis (with the same number of iterations). If seed = "random", a random seed will be used, and P-values will vary. One can also specify an integer for specific seed values, which might be of interest for advanced users.

print.progress

A logical value to indicate whether a progress bar should be printed to the screen. This is helpful for long-running analyses.

data

A data frame for the function environment; see geomorph.data.frame. If variables are transformed in formulae, they should also be transformed in the geomorph data frame. (See examples.)

...

Arguments passed on to procD.fit (typically associated with the lm function)

Value

Function returns an ANOVA table of statistical results for model comparison: error df (for each model), SS, MS, F ratio, Z, and Prand. A list of essentially the same components as procD.lm is also returned, and additionally LS means or slopes, pairwise differences comparisons of these, effect sizes, and P-values may also be returned. If a group formula is provided but slope formula is null, pairwise differences are Procrustes distances between least squares (LS) means for the defined groups. If a slope formula is provided, two sets of pairwise differences, plus effect sizes and P-values, are provided. The first is for differences in slope vector length (magnitude). The length of the slope vector corresponds to the amount of shape change per unit of covariate change. Large differences correspond to differences in the amount of shape change between groups. The second is for slope vector orientation differences. Differences in the direction of shape change (covariance of shape variables) can be summarized as a vector correlation or angle between vectors. See summary.advanced.procD.lm for summary options.

Details

The response matrix 'y' can be in the form of a two-dimensional data matrix of dimension (n x [p x k]) or a 3D array (p x k x n). It is assumed that the landmarks have previously been aligned using Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) [e.g., with gpagen]. The names specified for the independent (x) variables in the formula represent one or more vectors containing continuous data or factors. It is assumed that the order of the specimens in the shape matrix matches the order of values in the independent variables. Linear model fits (using the lm function) can also be input in place of a formula. Arguments for lm can also be passed on via this function.

The function performs statistical assessment of the terms in the model using Procrustes distances among specimens, rather than explained covariance matrices among variables. With this approach, the sum-of-squared Procrustes distances are used as a measure of SS (see Goodall 1991). The SS between models is evaluated through permutation. In morphometrics this approach is known as a Procrustes ANOVA (Goodall 1991), which is equivalent to distance-based anova designs (Anderson 2001). Unlike procD.lm, this function is strictly for comparison of two nested models. (Use of procD.lm will be more suitable in most cases.) A residual randomization permutation procedure (RRPP) is utilized for reduced model residuals to evaluate the SS between models (Collyer et al. 2015). Effect-sizes (Z-scores) are computed as standard deviates of the SS sampling distributions generated, which might be more intuitive for P-values than F-values (see Collyer et al. 2015).

Pairwise tests are only performed if formulae are provided to compute such results. The generic functions, print, summary, and plot all work with advanced.procD.lm. The generic function, plot, produces diagnostic plots for Procrustes residuals of the linear fit.

References

Collyer, M.L., D.J. Sekora, and D.C. Adams. 2015. A method for analysis of phenotypic change for phenotypes described by high-dimensional data. Heredity. 115:357-365.

See Also

procD.lm

Examples

data(plethodon)
Y.gpa<-gpagen(plethodon$land)    #GPA-alignment
gdf <- geomorph.data.frame(Y.gpa, species = plethodon$species, site = plethodon$site)

# Example of a nested model comparison (as with ANOVA with RRPP)
advanced.procD.lm(coords ~ log(Csize) + species, 
~ log(Csize)*species*site, iter=499, data = gdf)

# Example of a test of a factor interaction, plus pairwise comparisons 
advanced.procD.lm(coords ~ site*species, ~ site + species, groups = ~site*species, 
   iter=499, data = gdf)

# Example of a test of a factor interaction, plus pairwise comparisons, 
# accounting for a common allometry  
advanced.procD.lm(coords ~ Csize + site*species, 
~ log(Csize) + site + species, 
groups = ~ site*species, slope = ~log(Csize), iter = 499, data = gdf)

# Example of a test of homogeneity of slopes, plus pairwise slopes comparisons
gdf$group <- factor(paste(gdf$species, gdf$site, sep="."))
advanced.procD.lm(coords ~ log(Csize) + group, 
~ log(Csize) * group, 
groups = ~ group, 
slope = ~ log(Csize), angle.type = "deg", iter = 499, data = gdf)

# Example of partial pairwise comparisons, given greater model complexity.
# Plus, working with class advanced.procD.lm objects.
aov.pleth <- advanced.procD.lm(coords ~ log(Csize)*site*species, 
~ log(Csize) + site*species, 
groups = ~ species, slope = ~ log(Csize), angle.type = "deg", iter = 499, data = gdf)

summary(aov.pleth) # ANOVA plus pairwise tests
plot(aov.pleth) # diagnostic plots
aov.pleth$slopes # extract the slope vectors