Function calculates the degree of phylogenetic signal from a set of Procrustes-aligned specimens
physignal(A, phy, iter = 999, seed = NULL, print.progress = TRUE)A matrix (n x [p x k]) or 3D array (p x k x n) containing GPA-aligned coordinates for a set of specimens
A phylogenetic tree of class phylo - see read.tree in library ape
Number of iterations for significance testing
An optional argument for setting the seed for random permutations of the resampling procedure. If left NULL (the default), the exact same P-values will be found for repeated runs of the analysis (with the same number of iterations). If seed = "random", a random seed will be used, and P-values will vary. One can also specify an integer for specific seed values, which might be of interest for advanced users.
A logical value to indicate whether a progress bar should be printed to the screen. This is helpful for long-running analyses.
Function returns a list with the following components:
The estimate of phylogenetic signal
The significance level of the observed signal
Each random K-statistic from random permutations
The number of random permutations used in the resampling procedure
The matched call
The function estimates the degree of phylogenetic signal present in shape data for a given phylogeny.
It is assumed that the landmarks have previously been aligned
using Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) [e.g., with gpagen].
The degree of phylogenetic signal in data is estimated using the multivariate version of the K-statistic
(Kmult: Adams 2014). This value evaluates the degree of phylogenetic signal
in a dataset relative to what is expected under a Brownian motion model of evolution. For geometric
morphometric data, the approach is a mathematical generalization of the Kappa statistic (Blomberg et al.
2003) appropriate for highly multivariate data (see Adams 2014).Significance testing
is found by permuting the shape data among the tips of the phylogeny. Note that this
method can be quite slow as ancestral states must be estimated for every iteration.
This function can also be used with univariate data (i.e. centroid size) if imported as matrix with rownames giving the taxa names. In this case, the estimate of phylogenetic signal is identical to that found using the standard kappa statistic (Blomberg et al. 2003).
The generic functions, print, summary, and plot all work with physignal.
The generic function, plot, produces a histogram of random K statistics, associated with the resampling procedure.
Compared to older versions of geomorph, the order of input variables has changed, so that it is consistent with other functions in the program. Additionally, users should note that the function physignal no longer contains multiple methods. Only Kmult is used. Thus, for older scripts method="" should be removed from the function call.
Blomberg SP, Garland T, Ives AR. 2003. Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile. Evolution, 57:717-745.
Adams, D.C. 2014. A generalized K statistic for estimating phylogenetic signal from shape and other high-dimensional multivariate data. Systematic Biology. 63:685-697.
data(plethspecies)
Y.gpa<-gpagen(plethspecies$land) #GPA-alignment
#Test for phylogenetic signal in shape
PS.shape <- physignal(A=Y.gpa$coords,phy=plethspecies$phy,iter=999)
summary(PS.shape)
plot(PS.shape)
#Test for phylogenetic signal in size
PS.size <- physignal(A=Y.gpa$Csize,phy=plethspecies$phy,iter=999)
summary(PS.size)
plot(PS.size)
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