Function calculates net rates of shape evolution for two or more multi-dimensional traits on a phylogeny from a set of Procrustes shape variables
compare.multi.evol.rates(
A,
gp,
phy,
Subset = TRUE,
iter = 999,
seed = NULL,
print.progress = TRUE
)An object of class "evolrate" returns a list of the following:
The phylogenetic evolutionary rates for each trait.
The ratio of maximum to minimum evolutionary rates.
The significance level of the observed rate ratio.
The multivariate effect size associated with sigma.d.ratio.
Matrix of pairwise significance levels comparing each pair of rates.
The matched call.
A matrix (n x [p x k]) or 3D array (p x k x n) containing Procrustes shape variables for a set of specimens
A factor array designating group membership for landmarks
A phylogenetic tree of class = "phylo" - see read.tree in library ape
A logical value indicating whether or not the traits are subsets from a single landmark configuration (default is TRUE)
Number of iterations for significance testing
An optional argument for setting the seed for random permutations of the resampling procedure. If left NULL (the default), the exact same P-values will be found for repeated runs of the analysis (with the same number of iterations). If seed = "random", a random seed will be used, and P-values will vary. One can also specify an integer for specific seed values, which might be of interest for advanced users.
A logical value to indicate whether a progress bar should be printed to the screen. This is helpful for long-running analyses.
Dean Adams (used in some internal computations)
The function compares net rates of morphological evolution for two or more multi-dimensional traits
on a phylogeny, under a Brownian motion model of evolution following the procedure of Denton and
Adams (2015). It is assumed that the landmarks for all traits have previously been aligned using
Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) [e.g., with gpagen]. The approach calculates
multivariate net evolutionary rates found from the outer-product matrix of between species differences
in morphospace after phylogenetic transformation (sensu Adams 2014). From the data the net rate of shape evolution for
each multi-dimensional trait is calculated, and a ratio of rates is obtained. If three or more
traits are used, the ratio of the maximum to minimum rate is used as a test statistic (see
Denton and Adams 2015). Significance testing is accomplished by phylogenetic simulation in
which tips data are obtained under Brownian motion using a an evolutionary rate matrix
for all traits, which contains a common rate for all trait dimensions (Denton and Adams 2015).
If three or more traits are used, pairwise p-values are
also returned. In addition, a multivariate effect size describing the strength of the effect is estimated from the
empirically-generated sampling distribution (see details in Adams and Collyer 2019).
Values from these distributions are log-transformed prior to effect size estimation,
to assure normally distributed data.
The shape data may be input as either a 3D array (p x k x n) containing Procrustes shape variables for a set of species, or as a matrix (n x [p x k]) whose rows correspond to each species. In both cases, species names must be provided as rownames (for a matrix) or as the names of the third dimension of the array. Landmark groups for each trait are then specified by a factor array designating which landmark belongs to which trait. Additionally, if the method is to be used with other data (i.e., a set of length measurements), the input A should be a matrix of n rows of species and p columns of variables. In this case, the grouping factor should have each variable assigned to a trait group.
Comparisons of net evolutionary rates between traits may be accomplished in one of two ways. First, if the traits are are part of a single shape that was subjected to a single Procrustes superimposition (i.e., they are subsets of landmarks in the configuration), then the procedure is performed without alteration as described above. However, if the shapes are derived from different structures (shapes) that were superimposed separately, then the estimates of the rates must take the difference in the number of trait dimensions into account (see discussion in Denton and Adams 2015). This option is identified by selecting Subset = FALSE.
With compare.multi.evol.rates, the generic functions print, summary, and
plot all work.
The generic function, plot, produces a histogram of random rate-ratios associated with
the resampling procedure.
Adams, D.C. 2014. Quantifying and comparing phylogenetic evolutionary rates for shape and other high-dimensional phenotypic data. Syst. Biol. 63:166-177.
Denton, J.S.S., and D.C. Adams. 2015. A new phylogenetic test for comparing multiple high-dimensional evolutionary rates suggests interplay of evolutionary rates and modularity in lanternfishes (Myctophiformes; Myctophidae). Evolution. 69:2425-2440.
Adams, D.C. and M.L. Collyer. 2019. Comparing the strength of modular signal, and evaluating alternative modular hypotheses, using covariance ratio effect sizes with morphometric data. Evolution. 73:2352-2367.
if (FALSE) {
data(plethspecies)
Y.gpa <- gpagen(plethspecies$land) #GPA-alignment
land.gp <- c("A","A","A","A","A","B","B","B","B","B","B")
#mandible and cranium subsets
EMR <- compare.multi.evol.rates(A = Y.gpa$coords, gp = land.gp,
Subset = TRUE, phy = plethspecies$phy)
summary(EMR)
plot(EMR)
}
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