grDevices (version 3.4.0)

colorRamp: Color interpolation

Description

These functions return functions that interpolate a set of given colors to create new color palettes (like topo.colors) and color ramps, functions that map the interval \([0, 1]\) to colors (like grey).

Usage

colorRamp(colors, bias = 1, space = c("rgb", "Lab"),
          interpolate = c("linear", "spline"), alpha = FALSE)
colorRampPalette(colors, …)

Arguments

colors

colors to interpolate; must be a valid argument to col2rgb().

bias

a positive number. Higher values give more widely spaced colors at the high end.

space

a character string; interpolation in RGB or CIE Lab color spaces.

interpolate

use spline or linear interpolation.

alpha

logical: should alpha channel (opacity) values be returned? It is an error to give a true value if space is specified.

…

arguments to pass to colorRamp.

Value

colorRamp returns a function with argument a vector of values between 0 and 1 that are mapped to a numeric matrix of RGB color values with one row per color and 3 or 4 columns. colorRampPalette returns a function that takes an integer argument (the required number of colors) and returns a character vector of colors (see rgb) interpolating the given sequence (similar to heat.colors or terrain.colors.

Details

The CIE Lab color space is approximately perceptually uniform, and so gives smoother and more uniform color ramps. On the other hand, palettes that vary from one hue to another via white may have a more symmetrical appearance in RGB space. The conversion formulas in this function do not appear to be completely accurate and the color ramp may not reach the extreme values in Lab space. Future changes in the R color model may change the colors produced with space = "Lab".

See Also

Good starting points for interpolation are the “sequential” and “diverging” ColorBrewer palettes in the https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RColorBrewer package. splinefun or approxfun are used for interpolation.

Examples

## Both return a *function* :
colorRamp(c("red", "green"))( (0:4)/4 ) ## (x) , x in [0,1]
colorRampPalette(c("blue", "red"))( 4 ) ## (n)
## a ramp in opacity of blue values
colorRampPalette(c(rgb(0,0,1,1), rgb(0,0,1,0)), alpha = TRUE)(8)

require(graphics)

## Here space="rgb" gives palettes that vary only in saturation,
## as intended.
## With space="Lab" the steps are more uniform, but the hues
## are slightly purple.
filled.contour(volcano,
               color.palette =
                   colorRampPalette(c("red", "white", "blue")),
               asp = 1)
filled.contour(volcano,
               color.palette =
                   colorRampPalette(c("red", "white", "blue"),
                                    space = "Lab"),
               asp = 1)

## Interpolating a 'sequential' ColorBrewer palette
YlOrBr <- c("#FFFFD4", "#FED98E", "#FE9929", "#D95F0E", "#993404")
filled.contour(volcano,
               color.palette = colorRampPalette(YlOrBr, space = "Lab"),
               asp = 1)
filled.contour(volcano,
               color.palette = colorRampPalette(YlOrBr, space = "Lab",
                                                bias = 0.5),
               asp = 1)

## 'jet.colors' is "as in Matlab"
## (and hurting the eyes by over-saturation)
jet.colors <-
  colorRampPalette(c("#00007F", "blue", "#007FFF", "cyan",
                     "#7FFF7F", "yellow", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000"))
filled.contour(volcano, color = jet.colors, asp = 1)

## space="Lab" helps when colors don't form a natural sequence
m <- outer(1:20,1:20,function(x,y) sin(sqrt(x*y)/3))
rgb.palette <- colorRampPalette(c("red", "orange", "blue"),
                                space = "rgb")
Lab.palette <- colorRampPalette(c("red", "orange", "blue"),
                                space = "Lab")
filled.contour(m, col = rgb.palette(20))
filled.contour(m, col = Lab.palette(20))