kairos (version 2.2.0)

aoristic: Aoristic Analysis

Description

Computes the aoristic sum.

Usage

aoristic(x, y, ...)
# S4 method for numeric,numeric
aoristic(
  x,
  y,
  step = 1,
  start = min(x),
  end = max(y),
  calendar = CE(),
  weight = TRUE,
  groups = NULL
)
# S4 method for ANY,missing
aoristic(
  x,
  step = 1,
  start = NULL,
  end = NULL,
  calendar = CE(),
  weight = TRUE,
  groups = NULL
)

Value

An AoristicSum object.

Arguments

x, y

A numeric vector giving the lower and upper boundaries of the time intervals, respectively. If y is missing, an attempt is made to interpret x in a suitable way (see grDevices::xy.coords()).

...

Currently not used.

step

A length-one integer vector giving the step size, i.e. the width of each time step in the time series (defaults to \(1\), i.e. annual level).

start

A length-one numeric vector giving the beginning of the time window.

end

A length-one numeric vector giving the end of the time window.

calendar

An aion::TimeScale object specifying the calendar of x and y (see calendar()). Defaults to Gregorian Common Era.

weight

A logical scalar: should the aoristic sum be weighted by the length of periods (default). If FALSE the aoristic sum is the number of elements within a time block.

groups

A factor vector in the sense that as.factor(groups) defines the grouping. If x is a list (or a data.frame), groups can be a length-one vector giving the index of the grouping component (column) of x.

Author

N. Frerebeau

Details

Aoristic analysis is used to determine the probability of contemporaneity of archaeological sites or assemblages. The aoristic analysis distributes the probability of an event uniformly over each temporal fraction of the period considered. The aoristic sum is then the distribution of the total number of events to be assumed within this period.

Muller and Hinz (2018) pointed out that the overlapping of temporal intervals related to period categorization and dating accuracy is likely to bias the analysis. They proposed a weighting method to overcome this problem. This method is not implemented here (for the moment), see the aoristAAR package.

References

Crema, E. R. (2012). Modelling Temporal Uncertainty in Archaeological Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 19(3): 440-61. tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1007/s10816-011-9122-3").

Johnson, I. (2004). Aoristic Analysis: Seeds of a New Approach to Mapping Archaeological Distributions through Time. In Ausserer, K. F., Börner, W., Goriany, M. & Karlhuber-Vöckl, L. (ed.), Enter the Past - The E-Way into the Four Dimensions of Cultural Heritage, Oxford: Archaeopress, p. 448-52. BAR International Series 1227. tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.15496/publikation-2085")

Müller-Scheeßel, N. & Hinz, M. (2018). Aoristic Research in R: Correcting Temporal Categorizations in Archaeology. Presented at the Human History and Digital Future (CAA 2018), Tubingen, March 21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUBukex30QI.

Palmisano, A., Bevan, A. & Shennan, S. (2017). Comparing Archaeological Proxies for Long-Term Population Patterns: An Example from Central Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science, 87: 59-72. tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1016/j.jas.2017.10.001").

Ratcliffe, J. H. (2000). Aoristic Analysis: The Spatial Interpretation of Unspecific Temporal Events. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 14(7): 669-79. tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1080/136588100424963").

Ratcliffe, J. H. (2002). Aoristic Signatures and the Spatio-Temporal Analysis of High Volume Crime Patterns. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 18(1): 23-43. tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1023/A:1013240828824").

See Also

Other aoristic analysis: plot_aoristic, roc()

Examples

## Data from Husi 2022
data("loire", package = "folio")

## Get time range
loire_range <- loire[, c("lower", "upper")]

## Calculate aoristic sum (normal)
aorist_raw <- aoristic(loire_range, step = 50, weight = FALSE)
plot(aorist_raw, col = "grey")

## Calculate aoristic sum (weights)
aorist_weighted <- aoristic(loire_range, step = 50, weight = TRUE)
plot(aorist_weighted, col = "grey")

## Calculate aoristic sum (weights) by group
aorist_groups <- aoristic(loire_range, step = 50, weight = TRUE,
                          groups = loire$area)
plot(aorist_groups, flip = TRUE, col = "grey")
image(aorist_groups)

## Rate of change
roc_weighted <- roc(aorist_weighted, n = 30)
plot(roc_weighted)

## Rate of change by group
roc_groups <- roc(aorist_groups, n = 30)
plot(roc_groups, flip = TRUE)