klaR (version 1.7-3)

EDAM: Computation of an Eight Direction Arranged Map

Description

Produces an object of class EDAM which is a two dimensional representation of data in a rectangular, equally spaced grid as known from Self-Organizing Maps.

Usage

EDAM(EV0, nzx = 0, iter.max = 10, random = TRUE, standardize = FALSE, 
    wghts = 0, classes = 0, sa = TRUE, temp.in = 0.5, temp.fin = 1e-07, 
    temp.gamma = 0)

Value

EDAM returns an object of class

EDAM, which is a list containing the following components:

preimages

the re-ordered data; the position of the i-th object is where Z equals i.

Z

a matrix representing the positions of the preimages in the grid by their numbers.

Z.old.terms

a matrix representing the positions of the data in original order in the grid by their numbers.

cl.ord

a vector giving the re-ordered classes. All elements equal 1 if argument classes is undefined.

S

the criterion of the map

Arguments

EV0

either a symmetric dissimilarity matrix or a matrix of arbitrary dimensions whose n rows correspond to cases and whose k columns correspond to variables.

nzx

an integer specifying the number of vertical bars in the grid. By default, nzx is chosen automatically, so that the grid gets closest do a square. If n is no multiple of nzx, all surplus objects are skipped.

iter.max

an integer giving the maxmimum number of iterations to perform for the same neighborhood size.

random

logical. If TRUE, the initital order is drawn from a uniform distribution.

standardize

logical. If TRUE, the measurements in EV0 are standardized before calculating Euclidean distances. Measurements are standardized for each variable by dividing by the variable's standard deviation. Meaningless if EV0 is a dissimilarity matrix.

wghts

an optional vector of length k giving relative weights of the variables in computing Euclidean distances. Meaningless if EV0 is a dissimilarity matrix.

classes

an optional vector of length n specifying the membership to classes for all objects.

sa

logical. If TRUE, the optimization is obtained by Simulated Annealing.

temp.in

numeric giving the initial temperature, if sa is set to TRUE.

temp.fin

numeric giving the final temperature, if sa is set to TRUE. Meaningless if temp.gamma is greater than 0.

temp.gamma

numeric giving the relative change of the temperature from one iteration to the other, if sa is set to TRUE.

Author

Nils Raabe

Details

The data given by EV0 is visualized by the EDAM-algorithm. This method approximates the best visualization where goodness is measured by S, a transformation of the criterion stress as i.e. known from sammon. The target space of the visualization is restricted to a grid so the problem has a discrete solution space. Originally this restriction was made to make the results comparable to those of Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps. But it turns out that also for reasons of a clear arrangement the representation in a grid can be more favorable than in the hole plane.

During the computation of EDAM 3 values indicating its progress are given online. The first is the number of the actual iteration, the second the maximum number of overall performed iterations. The latter may reduce during computation, since the neighborhood reduces in case of convergence before the last iteration. The last number gives the actual criterion S. The default plot method plot.edam for objects of class EDAM is shardsplot.

References

Raabe, N. (2003). Vergleich von Kohonen Self-Organizing-Maps mit einem nichtsimultanen Klassifikations- und Visualisierungsverfahren. Diploma Thesis, Department of Statistics, University of Dortmund.

See Also

shardsplot, TopoS

Examples

# Compute an Eight Directions Arranged Map for a random sample 
# of the iris data.
data(iris)
set.seed(1234)
iris.sample <- sample(150, 42)
irisEDAM <- EDAM(iris[iris.sample, 1:4], classes = iris[iris.sample, 5], 
    standardize = TRUE, iter.max = 3)
plot(irisEDAM, vertices = FALSE)
legend(3, 5, col = rainbow(3), legend = levels(iris[,5]), pch = 16)
print(irisEDAM)

# Construct clusters within the phases of the german business data 
# and visualize the centroids by EDAM.
data(B3)
phasemat <- lapply(1:4, function(x) B3[B3[,1] == x, 2:14])
subclasses <- lapply(phasemat, 
    function(x) cutree(hclust(dist(x)), k = round(nrow(x) / 4.47)))
centroids <- lapply(1:4, 
    function(y) apply(phasemat[[y]], 2, 
        function(x) by(x, subclasses[[y]], mean)))
centmat <- matrix(unlist(sapply(centroids, t)), ncol = 13, 
    byrow = TRUE, dimnames = list(NULL, colnames(centroids[[1]])))
centclasses <- unlist(lapply(1:4, 
    function(x) rep(x, unlist(lapply(centroids, nrow))[x])))
B3EDAM <- EDAM(centmat, classes = centclasses, standardize = TRUE, 
    iter.max = 6, rand = FALSE)
plot(B3EDAM, standardize = TRUE)
opar <- par(xpd = NA)
legend(4, 5.1, col = rainbow(4), pch = 16, xjust = 0.5, yjust = 0,
    ncol = 2, legend = c("upswing", "upper turning point", 
                         "downswing", "lower turning point"))
print(B3EDAM)
par(opar)