mgcv (version 1.9-0)

shash: Sinh-arcsinh location scale and shape model family

Description

The shash family implements the four-parameter sinh-arcsinh (shash) distribution of Jones and Pewsey (2009). The location, scale, skewness and kurtosis of the density can depend on additive smooth predictors. Useable only with gam, the linear predictors are specified via a list of formulae. It is worth carefully considering whether the data are sufficient to support estimation of such a flexible model before using it.

Usage

shash(link = list("identity", "logeb", "identity", "identity"), 
      b = 1e-2, phiPen = 1e-3)

Value

An object inheriting from class general.family.

Arguments

link

vector of four characters indicating the link function for location, scale, skewness and kurtosis parameters.

b

positive parameter of the logeb link function, see Details.

phiPen

positive multiplier of a ridge penalty on kurtosis parameter. Do not touch it unless you know what you are doing, see Details.

Author

Matteo Fasiolo <[e-mail]> and Simon N. Wood.

Details

The density function of the shash family is $$p(y|\mu,\sigma,\epsilon,\delta)= C(z) \exp\{-S(z)^2/2\} \{2\pi(1+z^2)\}^{-1/2}/\sigma,$$ where \( C(z)=\{1+S(z)^2\}^{1/2} \), \( S(z)=\sinh\{\delta \sinh^{-1}(z)-\epsilon\} \) and \(z = (y - \mu)/(\sigma \delta)\). Here \(\mu\) and \(\sigma > 0\) control, respectively, location and scale, \(\epsilon\) determines skewness, while \(\delta > 0\) controls tailweight. shash can model skewness to either side, depending on the sign of \(\epsilon\). Also, shash can have tails that are lighter (\(\delta>1\)) or heavier (\(0<\delta<1\)) that a normal. For fitting purposes, here we are using \(\tau = \log(\sigma)\) and \(\phi = \log(\delta)\).

The density is based on the expression given on the second line of section 4.1 and equation (2) of Jones and Pewsey (2009), and uses the simple reparameterization given in section 4.3.

The link function used for \(\tau\) is logeb with is \(\eta = \log \{\exp(\tau)-b\}\) so that the inverse link is \(\tau = \log(\sigma) = \log\{\exp(\eta)+b\}\). The point is that we are don't allow \(\sigma\) to become smaller than a small constant b. The likelihood includes a ridge penalty \(- phiPen * \phi^2\), which shrinks \(\phi\) toward zero. When sufficient data is available the ridge penalty does not change the fit much, but it is useful to include it when fitting the model to small data sets, to avoid \(\phi\) diverging to +infinity (a problem already identified by Jones and Pewsey (2009)).

References

Jones, M. and A. Pewsey (2009). Sinh-arcsinh distributions. Biometrika 96 (4), 761-780. tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1093/biomet/asp053")

Wood, S.N., N. Pya and B. Saefken (2016), Smoothing parameter and model selection for general smooth models. Journal of the American Statistical Association 111, 1548-1575 tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1080/01621459.2016.1180986")

Examples

###############
# Shash dataset
###############
##  Simulate some data from shash
set.seed(847)
n <- 1000
x <- seq(-4, 4, length.out = n)

X <- cbind(1, x, x^2)
beta <- c(4, 1, 1)
mu <- X %*% beta 

sigma =  .5+0.4*(x+4)*.5            # Scale
eps = 2*sin(x)                      # Skewness
del = 1 + 0.2*cos(3*x)              # Kurtosis

dat <-  mu + (del*sigma)*sinh((1/del)*asinh(qnorm(runif(n))) + (eps/del))
dataf <- data.frame(cbind(dat, x))
names(dataf) <- c("y", "x")
plot(x, dat, xlab = "x", ylab = "y")

## Fit model
fit <- gam(list(y ~ s(x), # <- model for location 
                  ~ s(x),   # <- model for log-scale
                  ~ s(x),   # <- model for skewness
                  ~ s(x, k = 20)), # <- model for log-kurtosis
           data = dataf, 
           family = shash, # <- new family 
           optimizer = "efs")

## Plotting truth and estimates for each parameters of the density 
muE <- fit$fitted[ , 1]
sigE <- exp(fit$fitted[ , 2])
epsE <- fit$fitted[ , 3]
delE <- exp(fit$fitted[ , 4])

par(mfrow = c(2, 2))
plot(x, muE, type = 'l', ylab = expression(mu(x)), lwd = 2)
lines(x, mu, col = 2, lty = 2, lwd = 2)
legend("top", c("estimated", "truth"), col = 1:2, lty = 1:2, lwd = 2)

plot(x, sigE, type = 'l', ylab = expression(sigma(x)), lwd = 2)
lines(x, sigma, col = 2, lty = 2, lwd = 2)

plot(x, epsE, type = 'l', ylab = expression(epsilon(x)), lwd = 2)
lines(x, eps, col = 2, lty = 2, lwd = 2)

plot(x, delE, type = 'l', ylab = expression(delta(x)), lwd = 2)
lines(x, del, col = 2, lty = 2, lwd = 2)

## Plotting true and estimated conditional density
par(mfrow = c(1, 1))
plot(x, dat, pch = '.', col = "grey", ylab = "y", ylim = c(-35, 70))
for(qq in c(0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 0.9, 0.99, 0.999)){
  est <- fit$family$qf(p=qq, mu = fit$fitted)
  true <- mu + (del * sigma) * sinh((1/del) * asinh(qnorm(qq)) + (eps/del))
  lines(x, est, type = 'l', col = 1, lwd = 2)
  lines(x, true, type = 'l', col = 2, lwd = 2, lty = 2)
}
legend("topleft", c("estimated", "truth"), col = 1:2, lty = 1:2, lwd = 2)

#####################
## Motorcycle example
#####################

# Here shash is overkill, in fact the fit is not good, relative
# to what we would get with mgcv::gaulss
library(MASS)

b <- gam(list(accel~s(times, k=20, bs = "ad"), ~s(times, k = 10), ~1, ~1),
         data=mcycle, family=shash)

par(mfrow = c(1, 1))
xSeq <- data.frame(cbind("accel" = rep(0, 1e3),
                   "times" = seq(2, 58, length.out = 1e3)))
pred <- predict(b, newdata = xSeq)
plot(mcycle$times, mcycle$accel, ylim = c(-180, 100))
for(qq in c(0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9)){
  est <- b$family$qf(p=qq, mu = pred)
  lines(xSeq$times, est, type = 'l', col = 2)
}

plot(b, pages = 1, scale = FALSE)