?x is the usual way to get help on x; it's primarily a shortcut for help(x). There are rarer but more flexible variations, such as x?y or help(x,...). See base-R help on help. The versions of help and ? exported by mvbutils behave exactly the same as base-R, unless base-R help fails after being called with a single argument, e.g. help(topic). In that case, if topic is an object with an attribute called "doc" (or failing that if topic or topic.doc is a character vector), then the attribute (or the character object) will be formatted and displayed by the pager (by default) or browser. This lets you write informal documentation for non-package objects that can still be found by help, and by colleagues you distribute your code to. See dochelp for more information. The rest of this documentation is copied directly from base-R for help, except as noted under Arguments for help_type.
help(topic, package = NULL, lib.loc = NULL,
verbose = getOption("verbose"),
try.all.packages = getOption("help.try.all.packages"),
help_type = getOption("help_type"))usually, a name or character string specifying the topic for which help is sought. A character string (enclosed in explicit single or double quotes) is always taken as naming a topic. If the value of topic is a length-one character vector the topic is taken to be the value of the only element. Otherwise topic must be a name or a reserved word (if syntactically valid) or character string. See Details for what happens if this is omitted.
a name or character vector giving the packages to look into for documentation, or NULL. By default, all packages in the search path are used. To avoid a name being deparsed use e.g. (pkg_ref) (see the examples).
a character vector of directory names of R libraries, or NULL. The default value of NULL corresponds to all libraries currently known. If the default is used, the loaded packages are searched before the libraries. This is not used for HTML help (see Details).
logical; if TRUE, the file name is reported.
logical; see Note.
character string:the type of help required. Possible values are "text", "html" and "pdf". Case is ignored, and partial matching is allowed. [Note that, for informal doco, getOption( mvb_help_type, "text") is used; i.e., the default there is always the pager, which lets you be as informal as you please.]
Typeset documentation is produced by running the LaTeX version of the help page through pdflatex: this will produce a PDF file.
The appearance of the output can be customized through a file Rhelp.cfg somewhere in your LaTeX search path: this will be input as a LaTeX style file after Rd.sty. Some environment variables are consulted, notably R_PAPERSIZE (via getOption("papersize")) and R_RD4PDF (see Making manuals in the R Installation and Administration Manual).
If there is a function offline_help_helper in the workspace or further down the search path it is used to do the typesetting, otherwise the function of that name in the utils namespace (to which the first paragraph applies). It should accept at least two arguments, the name of the LaTeX file to be typeset and the type (which as from R 2.15.0 is ignored). As from R 2.14.0 it should accept a third argument, texinputs, which will give the graphics path when the help document contains figures, and will otherwise not be supplied.
The following types of help are available:
Plain text help
HTML help pages with hyperlinks to other topics, shown in a browser by browseURL. If for some reason HTML help is unavailable (see startDynamicHelp), plain text help will be used instead.
For help only, typeset as PDF - see the section on Offline help.
The default for the type of help is selected when R is installed - the factory-fresh default is HTML help.
The rendering of text help will use directional quotes in suitable locales (UTF-8 and single-byte Windows locales): sometimes the fonts used do not support these quotes so this can be turned off by setting options(useFancyQuotes = FALSE).
topic is not optional. If it is omitted, R will give:
If a package is specified, (text or, in interactive use only, HTML) information on the package, including hints/links to suitable help topics.
If lib.loc only is specified, a (text) list of available packages.
Help on help itself if none of the first three arguments is specified.
Some topics need to be quoted (by backticks) or given as a character string. These include those which cannot syntactically appear on their own such as unary and binary operators, function and control-flow reserved words (including if, else for, in, repeat, while, break and next). The other reserved words can be used as if they were names, for example TRUE, NA and Inf.
If multiple help files matching topic are found, in interactive use a menu is presented for the user to choose one: in batch use the first on the search path is used. (For HTML help the menu will be an HTML page, otherwise a graphical menu if possible if getOption("menu.graphics") is true, the default.)
Note that HTML help does not make use of lib.loc: it will always look first in the attached packages and then along libPaths().
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
? for shortcuts to help topics.
dochelp for how to write informal help with mvbutils.
help.search() or ?? for finding help pages on a vague topic; help.start() which opens the HTML version of the R help pages; library() for listing available packages and the help objects they contain; data() for listing available data sets; methods().
Use prompt() to get a prototype for writing help pages of your own package.
# NOT RUN {
help()
help(help) # the same
help(lapply)
help("for") # or ?"for", but quotes/backticks are needed
help(package="splines") # get help even when package is not loaded
topi <- "women"
help(topi)
try(help("bs", try.all.packages=FALSE)) # reports not found (an error)
help("bs", try.all.packages=TRUE) # reports can be found
# in package 'splines'
## For programmatic use:
topic <- "family"; pkg_ref <- "stats"
help((topic), (pkg_ref))
# }
Run the code above in your browser using DataLab