predict.lme: Predictions from an lme Object

Description

The predictions at level \(i\) are obtained by adding together the population predictions (based only on the fixed effects estimates) and the estimated contributions of the random effects to the predictions at grouping levels less or equal to \(i\). The resulting values estimate the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUPs) at level \(i\). If group values not included in the original grouping factors are present in newdata, the corresponding predictions will be set to NA for levels greater or equal to the level at which the unknown groups occur.

Usage

# S3 method for lme
predict(object, newdata, level = Q, asList = FALSE,
        na.action = na.fail, ...)

Value

if a single level of grouping is specified in level, the returned value is either a list with the predictions split by groups (asList = TRUE) or a vector with the predictions (asList = FALSE); else, when multiple grouping levels are specified in level, the returned object is a data frame with columns given by the predictions at different levels and the grouping factors.

Arguments

object: an object inheriting from class "lme", representing a fitted linear mixed-effects model.
newdata: an optional data frame to be used for obtaining the predictions. All variables used in the fixed and random effects models, as well as the grouping factors, must be present in the data frame. If missing, the fitted values are returned.
level: an optional integer vector giving the level(s) of grouping to be used in obtaining the predictions. Level values increase from outermost to innermost grouping, with level zero corresponding to the population predictions. Defaults to the highest or innermost level of grouping.
asList: an optional logical value. If TRUE and a single value is given in level, the returned object is a list with the predictions split by groups; else the returned value is either a vector or a data frame, according to the length of level.
na.action: a function that indicates what should happen when newdata contains NAs. The default action (na.fail) causes the function to print an error message and terminate if there are any incomplete observations.
...: some methods for this generic require additional arguments. None are used in this method.

Author

José Pinheiro and Douglas Bates bates@stat.wisc.edu

Examples

Run this code

fm1 <- lme(distance ~ age, Orthodont, random = ~ age | Subject)
newOrth <- data.frame(Sex = c("Male","Male","Female","Female","Male","Male"),
                      age = c(15, 20, 10, 12, 2, 4),
                      Subject = c("M01","M01","F30","F30","M04","M04"))
## The 'Orthodont' data has *no* 'F30', so predict  NA  at level 1 :
predict(fm1, newOrth, level = 0:1)