The response variable and primary covariate in formula(fixed)
are used to construct the fixed effects model formula. This formula
and the groupedData object are passed as the fixed and
data arguments to lme.formula, together with any other
additional arguments in the function call. See the documentation on
lme.formula for a description of that function.
# S3 method for groupedData
lme(fixed, data, random, correlation, weights,
subset, method, na.action, control, contrasts, keep.data = TRUE)an object of class lme representing the linear mixed-effects
model fit. Generic functions such as print, plot and
summary have methods to show the results of the fit. See
lmeObject for the components of the fit. The functions
resid, coef, fitted, fixed.effects, and
random.effects can be used to extract some of its components.
a data frame inheriting from class "groupedData".
this argument is included for consistency with the generic function. It is ignored in this method function.
optionally, any of the following: (i) a one-sided formula
of the form ~x1+...+xn | g1/.../gm, with x1+...+xn
specifying the model for the random effects and g1/.../gm the
grouping structure (m may be equal to 1, in which case no
/ is required). The random effects formula will be repeated
for all levels of grouping, in the case of multiple levels of
grouping; (ii) a list of one-sided formulas of the form
~x1+...+xn | g, with possibly different random effects models
for each grouping level. The order of nesting will be assumed the
same as the order of the elements in the list; (iii) a one-sided
formula of the form ~x1+...+xn, or a pdMat object with
a formula (i.e. a non-NULL value for formula(object)),
or a list of such formulas or pdMat objects. In this case, the
grouping structure formula will be derived from the data used to
fit the linear mixed-effects model, which should inherit from class
groupedData; (iv) a named list of formulas or pdMat
objects as in (iii), with the grouping factors as names. The order of
nesting will be assumed the same as the order of the order of the
elements in the list; (v) an reStruct object. See the
documentation on pdClasses for a description of the available
pdMat classes. Defaults to a formula consisting of the right
hand side of fixed.
an optional corStruct object describing the
within-group correlation structure. See the documentation of
corClasses for a description of the available corStruct
classes. Defaults to NULL,
corresponding to no within-group correlations.
an optional varFunc object or one-sided formula
describing the within-group heteroscedasticity structure. If given as
a formula, it is used as the argument to varFixed,
corresponding to fixed variance weights. See the documentation on
varClasses for a description of the available varFunc
classes. Defaults to NULL, corresponding to homoscedastic
within-group errors.
an optional expression indicating the subset of the rows of
data that should be used in the fit. This can be a logical
vector, or a numeric vector indicating which observation numbers are
to be included, or a character vector of the row names to be
included. All observations are included by default.
a character string. If "REML" the model is fit by
maximizing the restricted log-likelihood. If "ML" the
log-likelihood is maximized. Defaults to "REML".
a function that indicates what should happen when the
data contain NAs. The default action (na.fail) causes
lme to print an error message and terminate if there are any
incomplete observations.
a list of control values for the estimation algorithm to
replace the default values returned by the function lmeControl.
Defaults to an empty list.
an optional list. See the contrasts.arg
of model.matrix.default.
logical: should the data argument (if supplied
and a data frame) be saved as part of the model object?
José Pinheiro and Douglas Bates bates@stat.wisc.edu
The computational methods follow on the general framework of Lindstrom,
M.J. and Bates, D.M. (1988). The model formulation is described in
Laird, N.M. and Ware, J.H. (1982). The variance-covariance
parametrizations are described in Pinheiro, J.C. and Bates., D.M.
(1996). The different correlation structures available for the
correlation argument are described in Box, G.E.P., Jenkins,
G.M., and Reinsel G.C. (1994), Littel, R.C., Milliken, G.A., Stroup,
W.W., and Wolfinger, R.D. (1996), and Venables, W.N. and Ripley,
B.D. (2002). The use of variance functions for linear and nonlinear
mixed effects models is presented in detail in Davidian, M. and
Giltinan, D.M. (1995).
Box, G.E.P., Jenkins, G.M., and Reinsel G.C. (1994) "Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control", 3rd Edition, Holden-Day.
Davidian, M. and Giltinan, D.M. (1995) "Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models for Repeated Measurement Data", Chapman and Hall.
Laird, N.M. and Ware, J.H. (1982) "Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data", Biometrics, 38, 963-974.
Lindstrom, M.J. and Bates, D.M. (1988) "Newton-Raphson and EM Algorithms for Linear Mixed-Effects Models for Repeated-Measures Data", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 1014-1022.
Littel, R.C., Milliken, G.A., Stroup, W.W., and Wolfinger, R.D. (1996) "SAS Systems for Mixed Models", SAS Institute.
Pinheiro, J.C. and Bates., D.M. (1996) "Unconstrained Parametrizations for Variance-Covariance Matrices", Statistics and Computing, 6, 289-296.
Pinheiro, J.C., and Bates, D.M. (2000) "Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS", Springer.
Venables, W.N. and Ripley, B.D. (2002) "Modern Applied Statistics with S", 4th Edition, Springer-Verlag.
lme, groupedData,
lmeObject
fm1 <- lme(Orthodont)
summary(fm1)
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