openair: open source tools for air quality data analysis

NOTE An online openair book is being developed, see https://bookdown.org/david_carslaw/openair/.

For the main openair website, see https://davidcarslaw.github.io/openair/.

openair is an R package developed for the purpose of analysing air quality data — or more generally atmospheric composition data. The package is extensively used in academia, the public and private sectors. The project was initially funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), with additional funds from Defra. The most up to date information on openair can be found in the package itself and at the book website here.

Further details, including blogs on openair can be found at davidcarslaw.com

Installation

Installation of openair from GitHub is easy using the devtools package. Note, because openair contains C++ code a compiler is also needed. For Windows - for example, Rtools is needed.

require(devtools)
install_github('davidcarslaw/openair')

Description

openair has developed over several years to help analyse atmospheric composition data; initially focused on air quality data.

This package continues to develop and input from other developers would be welcome. A summary of some of the features are:

• Access to data from several hundred UK air pollution monitoring sites through the importAURN and importKCL functions.
• Utility functions such as timeAverage and selectByDate to make it easier to manipulate atmospheric composition data.
• Flexible wind and pollution roses through windRose and pollutionRose.
• Flexible plot conditioning to easily plot data by hour or the day, day of the week, season etc. through the openair type option available in most functions.
• More sophisticated bivariate polar plots and conditional probability functions to help characterise different sources of pollution. A paper on the latter is available here.
• Access to NOAA Hysplit pre-calculated annual 96-hour back trajectories and many plotting and analysis functions e.g. trajectory frequencies, Potential Source Contribution Function and trajectory clustering.
• Many functions for air quality model evaluation using the flexible methods described above e.g. the type option to easily evaluate models by season, hour of the day etc. These include key model statistics, Taylor Diagram, Conditional Quantile plots.

Brief examples

Import data from the UK Automatic Urban and Rural Network

It is easy to import hourly data from 100s of sites and to import several sites at one time and several years of data.

library(openair)
kc1 <- importAURN(site = "kc1", year = 2011:2012)
kc1
## # A tibble: 17,544 × 18
##    site      code  date                   co   nox   no2    no    o3   so2  pm10
##    <chr>     <fct> <dttm>              <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
##  1 London N… KC1   2011-01-01 00:00:00   0.2    44    38     4    14     5    40
##  2 London N… KC1   2011-01-01 01:00:00   0.2    38    29     6    28     3    36
##  3 London N… KC1   2011-01-01 02:00:00   0.2    32    31     1    18     3    31
##  4 London N… KC1   2011-01-01 03:00:00   0.2    31    29     1    14     3    31
##  5 London N… KC1   2011-01-01 04:00:00   0.2    31    29     1    16     3    29
##  6 London N… KC1   2011-01-01 05:00:00   0.1    29    27     1    24     3    25
##  7 London N… KC1   2011-01-01 06:00:00   0.1    27    25     1    24     3    25
##  8 London N… KC1   2011-01-01 07:00:00   0.1    31    29     1    18     3    28
##  9 London N… KC1   2011-01-01 08:00:00   0.2    55    44     8     4     3    24
## 10 London N… KC1   2011-01-01 09:00:00   0.2    57    44     9     6     3    24
## # … with 17,534 more rows, and 8 more variables: pm2.5 <dbl>, v10 <dbl>,
## #   v2.5 <dbl>, nv10 <dbl>, nv2.5 <dbl>, ws <dbl>, wd <dbl>, air_temp <dbl>

Utility functions

Using the selectByDate function it is easy to select quite complex time-based periods. For example, to select weekday (Monday to Friday) data from June to September for 2012 and for the hours 7am to 7pm inclusive:

sub <- selectByDate(kc1, 
                    day = "weekday", 
                    year = 2012, 
                    month = 6:9, 
                    hour = 7:19)
sub
## # A tibble: 1,118 × 18
##    date                site      code     co   nox   no2    no    o3   so2  pm10
##    <dttm>              <chr>     <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
##  1 2012-06-01 07:00:00 London N… KC1    0.23    36    23     9    24     3     6
##  2 2012-06-01 08:00:00 London N… KC1    0.23    33    21     7    34     3     9
##  3 2012-06-01 09:00:00 London N… KC1    0.23    23    19     2    52     3     6
##  4 2012-06-01 10:00:00 London N… KC1    0.23    17    13     2    62     3     7
##  5 2012-06-01 11:00:00 London N… KC1    0.23    17    13     2    70     3     9
##  6 2012-06-01 12:00:00 London N… KC1    0.23    21    19     1    78     3     8
##  7 2012-06-01 13:00:00 London N… KC1    0.23    36    29     5    68     3     9
##  8 2012-06-01 14:00:00 London N… KC1    0.23    25    21     2    80     3     6
##  9 2012-06-01 15:00:00 London N… KC1    0.23    27    23     2    80     3     7
## 10 2012-06-01 16:00:00 London N… KC1    0.23    34    29     4    58     3    10
## # … with 1,108 more rows, and 8 more variables: pm2.5 <dbl>, v10 <dbl>,
## #   v2.5 <dbl>, nv10 <dbl>, nv2.5 <dbl>, ws <dbl>, wd <dbl>, air_temp <dbl>

Similarly it is easy to time-average data in many flexible ways. For example, 2-week means can be calculated as

sub2 <- timeAverage(kc1, avg.time = "2 week")

The type option

One of the key aspects of openair is the use of the type option, which is available for almost all openair functions. The type option partitions data by different categories of variable. There are many built-in options that type can take based on splitting your data by different date values. A summary of in-built values of type are:

• “year” splits data by year
• “month” splits variables by month of the year
• “monthyear” splits data by year and month
• “season” splits variables by season. Note in this case the user can also supply a hemisphere option that can be either “northern” (default) or “southern”
• “weekday” splits variables by day of the week
• “weekend” splits variables by Saturday, Sunday, weekday
• “daylight” splits variables by nighttime/daytime. Note the user must supply a longitude and latitude
• “dst” splits variables by daylight saving time and non-daylight saving time (see manual for more details)
• “wd” if wind direction (wd) is available type = "wd" will split the data up into 8 sectors: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW.
• “seasonyear (or”yearseason”) will split the data into year-season intervals, keeping the months of a season together. For example, December 2010 is considered as part of winter 2011 (with January and February 2011). This makes it easier to consider contiguous seasons. In contrast, type = "season" will just split the data into four seasons regardless of the year.

If a categorical variable is present in a data frame e.g. site then that variables can be used directly e.g. type = "site".

type can also be a numeric variable. In this case the numeric variable is split up into 4 quantiles i.e. four partitions containing equal numbers of points. Note the user can supply the option n.levels to indicate how many quantiles to use.

Wind roses and pollution roses

openair can plot basic wind roses very easily provided the variables ws (wind speed) and wd (wind direction) are available.

windRose(mydata)

However, the real flexibility comes from being able to use the type option.

windRose(mydata, type = "year", layout = c(4, 2))