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Patterns

A modeling tool dedicated to biological network modeling to decipher Biological Networks with Patterned Heterogeneous (e.g. multiOmics) Measurements

Frédéric Bertrand and Myriam Maumy-Bertrand

It is designed to work with patterned data. Famous examples of problems related to patterned data are:

  • recovering signals in networks after a stimulation (cascade network reverse engineering),
  • analysing periodic signals.

It allows for single or joint modeling of, for instance, genes and proteins.

  • It starts with the selection of the actors that will be the used in the reverse engineering upcoming step. An actor can be included in that selection based on its differential effects (for instance gene expression or protein abundance) or on its time course profile.
  • Wrappers for actors clustering functions and cluster analysis are provided.
  • It also allows reverse engineering of biological networks taking into account the observed time course patterns of the actors. Interactions between clusters of actors can be set by the user. Any number of clusters can be activated at a single time.
  • Many inference functions are provided with the Patterns package and dedicated to get specific features for the inferred network such as sparsity, robust links, high confidence links or stable through resampling links.
    • lasso, from the lars package
    • lasso, from the glmnet package. An unweighted and a weighted version of the algorithm are available
    • spls, from the spls package
    • elasticnet, from the elasticnet package
    • stability selection, from the c060 package implementation of stability selection
    • weighted stability selection, a new weighted version of the c060 package implementation of stability selection that I created for the package
    • robust, lasso from the lars package with light random Gaussian noise added to the explanatory variables
    • selectboost, from the selectboost package. The selectboost algorithm looks for the more stable links against resampling that takes into account the correlated structure of the predictors
    • weighted selectboost, a new weighted version of the selectboost.
  • Some simulation and prediction tools are also available for cascade networks.
  • Examples of use with microarray or RNA-Seq data are provided.

The weights are viewed as a penalty factors in the penalized regression model: it is a number that multiplies the lambda value in the minimization problem to allow differential shrinkage, Friedman et al. 2010, equation 1 page 3. If equal to 0, it implies no shrinkage, and that variable is always included in the model. Default is 1 for all variables. Infinity means that the variable is excluded from the model. Note that the weights are rescaled to sum to the number of variables.

A word for those that have been using our seminal work, the Cascade package that we created several years ago and that was a very efficient network reverse engineering tool for cascade networks (Jung, N., Bertrand, F., Bahram, S., Vallat, L., and Maumy-Bertrand, M. (2014), https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt705, https://cran.r-project.org/package=Cascade, https://github.com/fbertran/Cascade and https://fbertran.github.io/Cascade/).

The Patterns package is more than (at least) a threeway major extension of the Cascade package :

  • any number of groups can be used whereas in the Cascade package only 1 group for each timepoint could be created, which prevented the users to create homogeneous clusters of genes in datasets that featured more than a few dozens of genes.
  • custom $F$ matrices shapes whereas in the Cascade package only 1 shape was provided:
    • interaction between groups
    • custom design of inner cells of the $F$ matrix
  • the custom $F$ matrices allow to deal with heteregeneous networks with several kinds of actors such as mixing genes and proteins in a single network to perform joint inference.
  • about nine inference algorithms are provided, whereas 1 (lasso) in Cascade.

Hence the Patterns package should be viewed more as a completely new modelling tools than as an extension of the Cascade package.

This website and these examples were created by F. Bertrand and M. Maumy-Bertrand.

Installation

You can install the released version of Patterns from CRAN with:

install.packages("Patterns")

You can install the development version of Patterns from github with:

devtools::install_github("fbertran/Patterns")

Examples

Data management

Import Cascade Data (repeated measurements on several subjects) from the CascadeData package and turn them into a omics array object. The second line makes sure the CascadeData package is installed.

library(Patterns)
if(!require(CascadeData)){install.packages("CascadeData")}
data(micro_US)
micro_US<-as.omics_array(micro_US[1:100,],time=c(60,90,210,390),subject=6)
str(micro_US)
#> Formal class 'omics_array' [package "Patterns"] with 7 slots
#>   ..@ omicsarray: num [1:100, 1:24] 103.2 26 70.7 213.7 13.7 ...
#>   .. ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
#>   .. .. ..$ : chr [1:100] "1007_s_at" "1053_at" "117_at" "121_at" ...
#>   .. .. ..$ : chr [1:24] "N1_US_T60" "N1_US_T90" "N1_US_T210" "N1_US_T390" ...
#>   ..@ name      : chr [1:100] "1007_s_at" "1053_at" "117_at" "121_at" ...
#>   ..@ gene_ID   : num 0
#>   ..@ group     : num 0
#>   ..@ start_time: num 0
#>   ..@ time      : num [1:4] 60 90 210 390
#>   ..@ subject   : num 6

Get a summay and plots of the data:

summary(micro_US)
#>    N1_US_T60        N1_US_T90        N1_US_T210       N1_US_T390    
#>  Min.   :  12.2   Min.   :  12.9   Min.   :   1.5   Min.   :  10.1  
#>  1st Qu.: 177.7   1st Qu.: 198.7   1st Qu.: 189.0   1st Qu.: 196.7  
#>  Median : 513.0   Median : 499.4   Median : 608.5   Median : 541.2  
#>  Mean   :1386.6   Mean   :1357.7   Mean   :1450.4   Mean   :1331.2  
#>  3rd Qu.:1912.3   3rd Qu.:1883.4   3rd Qu.:2050.2   3rd Qu.:1646.2  
#>  Max.   :6348.4   Max.   :6507.3   Max.   :6438.5   Max.   :6351.4  
#>    N2_US_T60        N2_US_T90        N2_US_T210       N2_US_T390    
#>  Min.   :  16.7   Min.   :   3.4   Min.   :   5.5   Min.   :   6.1  
#>  1st Qu.: 212.4   1st Qu.: 185.7   1st Qu.: 214.7   1st Qu.: 230.1  
#>  Median : 584.1   Median : 501.5   Median : 596.0   Median : 601.8  
#>  Mean   :1381.9   Mean   :1345.4   Mean   :1410.5   Mean   :1403.7  
#>  3rd Qu.:1616.2   3rd Qu.:1830.5   3rd Qu.:2005.8   3rd Qu.:1901.7  
#>  Max.   :6149.3   Max.   :6090.8   Max.   :6160.6   Max.   :6143.1  
#>    N3_US_T60        N3_US_T90        N3_US_T210       N3_US_T390    
#>  Min.   :   1.9   Min.   :  10.3   Min.   :   3.3   Min.   :   6.6  
#>  1st Qu.: 187.4   1st Qu.: 194.6   1st Qu.: 177.8   1st Qu.: 222.6  
#>  Median : 611.4   Median : 576.2   Median : 552.2   Median : 593.7  
#>  Mean   :1365.4   Mean   :1381.2   Mean   :1310.1   Mean   :1427.1  
#>  3rd Qu.:1855.2   3rd Qu.:2040.2   3rd Qu.:1784.5   3rd Qu.:2131.7  
#>  Max.   :6636.6   Max.   :6515.5   Max.   :6530.4   Max.   :6177.2  
#>    N4_US_T60        N4_US_T90        N4_US_T210       N4_US_T390    
#>  Min.   :  20.2   Min.   :  15.6   Min.   :  19.8   Min.   :   9.3  
#>  1st Qu.: 199.3   1st Qu.: 215.4   1st Qu.: 207.0   1st Qu.: 197.8  
#>  Median : 610.8   Median : 614.0   Median : 544.9   Median : 590.7  
#>  Mean   :1505.1   Mean   :1526.7   Mean   :1401.6   Mean   :1458.8  
#>  3rd Qu.:2198.1   3rd Qu.:2168.9   3rd Qu.:1831.2   3rd Qu.:1984.8  
#>  Max.   :6986.2   Max.   :7148.0   Max.   :6820.0   Max.   :6762.3  
#>    N5_US_T60        N5_US_T90        N5_US_T210       N5_US_T390    
#>  Min.   :   3.4   Min.   :  10.0   Min.   :  10.7   Min.   :  16.5  
#>  1st Qu.: 213.2   1st Qu.: 209.8   1st Qu.: 202.0   1st Qu.: 208.2  
#>  Median : 609.4   Median : 561.3   Median : 555.6   Median : 570.5  
#>  Mean   :1498.2   Mean   :1424.8   Mean   :1394.1   Mean   :1435.3  
#>  3rd Qu.:2008.7   3rd Qu.:1906.5   3rd Qu.:1923.9   3rd Qu.:1867.8  
#>  Max.   :7268.2   Max.   :6857.8   Max.   :6574.0   Max.   :6896.6  
#>    N6_US_T60        N6_US_T90        N6_US_T210       N6_US_T390    
#>  Min.   :  13.0   Min.   :   6.6   Min.   :   3.8   Min.   :  14.4  
#>  1st Qu.: 207.5   1st Qu.: 198.6   1st Qu.: 203.9   1st Qu.: 195.8  
#>  Median : 516.2   Median : 530.6   Median : 578.0   Median : 580.0  
#>  Mean   :1412.9   Mean   :1388.3   Mean   :1416.5   Mean   :1360.8  
#>  3rd Qu.:2037.4   3rd Qu.:1889.8   3rd Qu.:2030.8   3rd Qu.:1872.6  
#>  Max.   :6898.1   Max.   :6749.4   Max.   :6490.0   Max.   :6780.2

plot(micro_US)

Gene selection

There are several functions to carry out gene selection before the inference. They are detailed in the vignette of the package.

Data simulation

Let's simulate some cascade data and then do some reverse engineering.

We first design the F matrix for $T_i=4$ times and $Ngrp=4$ groups. The Fmatobject is an array of sizes $(T_i,T-i,Ngrp^2)=(4,4,16)$.

Ti<-4
Ngrp<-4

Fmat=array(0,dim=c(Ti,Ti,Ngrp^2))

for(i in 1:(Ti^2)){
  if(((i-1) %% Ti) > (i-1) %/% Ti){
    Fmat[,,i][outer(1:Ti,1:Ti,function(x,y){0<(x-y) & (x-y)<2})]<-1
    }
}

The Patterns function CascadeFinit is an utility function to easily define such an F matrix.

Fbis=Patterns::CascadeFinit(Ti,Ngrp,low.trig=FALSE)
str(Fbis)
#>  num [1:4, 1:4, 1:16] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...

Check if the two matrices Fmat and Fbis are identical.

print(all(Fmat==Fbis))
#> [1] TRUE

End of F matrix definition.

Fmat[,,3]<-Fmat[,,3]*0.2
Fmat[3,1,3]<-1
Fmat[4,2,3]<-1
Fmat[,,4]<-Fmat[,,3]*0.3
Fmat[4,1,4]<-1
Fmat[,,8]<-Fmat[,,3]

We set the seed to make the results reproducible and draw a scale free random network.

set.seed(1)
Net<-Patterns::network_random(
  nb=100,
  time_label=rep(1:4,each=25),
  exp=1,
  init=1,
  regul=round(rexp(100,1))+1,
  min_expr=0.1,
  max_expr=2,
  casc.level=0.4
)
Net@F<-Fmat
str(Net)
#> Formal class 'omics_network' [package "Patterns"] with 6 slots
#>   ..@ omics_network: num [1:100, 1:100] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
#>   ..@ name         : chr [1:100] "gene 1" "gene 2" "gene 3" "gene 4" ...
#>   ..@ F            : num [1:4, 1:4, 1:16] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
#>   ..@ convF        : num [1, 1] 0
#>   ..@ convO        : num 0
#>   ..@ time_pt      : int [1:4] 1 2 3 4

Plot the simulated network.

Patterns::plot(Net, choice="network")
#> Error: 'plot' n’est un object exporté depuis 'namespace:Patterns'

If a gene clustering is known, it can be used as a coloring scheme.

plot(Net, choice="network", gr=rep(1:4,each=25))

Plot the F matrix, for low dimensional F matrices.

plot(Net, choice="F")

Plot the F matrix using the pixmap package, for high dimensional F matrices.

plot(Net, choice="Fpixmap")
#> Error in as.double(y): cannot coerce type 'S4' to vector of type 'double'

We simulate gene expression according to the network that was previously drawn

set.seed(1)
M <- Patterns::gene_expr_simulation(
  network=Net,
  time_label=rep(1:4,each=25),
  subject=5,
  peak_level=200,
  act_time_group=1:4)
#> Error in (function (classes, fdef, mtable) : impossible de trouver une méthode héritée pour la fonction 'gene_expr_simulation' pour la signature '"missing"'
str(M)
#> Error in str(M): objet 'M' introuvable

Get a summay and plots of the simulated data:

summary(M)
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'object' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'summary' : objet 'M' introuvable
plot(M)
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'M' introuvable

Network inferrence

We infer the new network using subjectwise leave one out cross-validation (default setting): all measurements from the same subject are removed from the dataset). The inference is carried out with a general Fshape.

Net_inf_P <- Patterns::inference(M, cv.subjects=TRUE)
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'M' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'inference' : objet 'M' introuvable

Plot of the inferred F matrix

plot(Net_inf_P, choice="F")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'Net_inf_P' introuvable

Heatmap of the inferred coefficients of the Omega matrix

stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale="none", revC=TRUE)
#> Error in stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale = "none", : objet 'Net_inf_P' introuvable

Default values fot the $F$ matrices. The Finit matrix (starting values for the algorithm). In our case, the Finitobject is an array of sizes $(T_i,T-i,Ngrp^2)=(4,4,16)$.

Ti<-4;
ngrp<-4
nF<-ngrp^2
Finit<-array(0,c(Ti,Ti,nF))	
              for(ii in 1:nF){    
                if((ii%%(ngrp+1))==1){
                  Finit[,,ii]<-0
                } else {
                  Finit[,,ii]<-cbind(rbind(rep(0,Ti-1),diag(1,Ti-1)),rep(0,Ti))+rbind(cbind(rep(0,Ti-1),diag(1,Ti-1)),rep(0,Ti))
                }
              }

The Fshape matrix (default shape for F matrix the algorithm). Any interaction between groups and times are permitted except the retro-actions (a group on itself, or an action at the same time for an actor on another one).

Fshape<-array("0",c(Ti,Ti,nF)) 
for(ii in 1:nF){  
  if((ii%%(ngrp+1))==1){
    Fshape[,,ii]<-"0"
  } else {
    lchars <- paste("a",1:(2*Ti-1),sep="")
    tempFshape<-matrix("0",Ti,Ti)
    for(bb in (-Ti+1):(Ti-1)){
      tempFshape<-replaceUp(tempFshape,matrix(lchars[bb+Ti],Ti,Ti),-bb)
    }
    tempFshape <- replaceBand(tempFshape,matrix("0",Ti,Ti),0)
    Fshape[,,ii]<-tempFshape
  }
}

Any other form can be used. A "0" coefficient is missing from the model. It allows testing the best structure of an "F" matrix and even performing some significance tests of hypothses on the structure of the $F$ matrix.

The IndicFshape function allows to design custom F matrix for cascade networks with equally spaced measurements by specifying the zero and non zero $F_{ij}$ cells of the $F$ matrix. It is useful for models featuring several clusters of actors that are activated at the time. Let's define the following indicatrix matrix (action of all groups on each other, which is not a possible real modeling setting and is only used as an example):

TestIndic=matrix(!((1:(Ti^2))%%(ngrp+1)==1),byrow=TRUE,ngrp,ngrp)
TestIndic
#>       [,1]  [,2]  [,3]  [,4]
#> [1,] FALSE  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [2,]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE  TRUE
#> [3,]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE  TRUE
#> [4,]  TRUE  TRUE  TRUE FALSE

For that choice, we get those init and shape $F$ matrices.

IndicFinit(Ti,ngrp,TestIndic)
#> , , 1
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    0    0    0    0
#> [3,]    0    0    0    0
#> [4,]    0    0    0    0
#> 
#> , , 2
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 3
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 4
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 5
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 6
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    0    0    0    0
#> [3,]    0    0    0    0
#> [4,]    0    0    0    0
#> 
#> , , 7
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 8
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 9
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 10
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 11
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    0    0    0    0
#> [3,]    0    0    0    0
#> [4,]    0    0    0    0
#> 
#> , , 12
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 13
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 14
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 15
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    1    0    0    0
#> [3,]    1    1    0    0
#> [4,]    1    1    1    0
#> 
#> , , 16
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,]    0    0    0    0
#> [2,]    0    0    0    0
#> [3,]    0    0    0    0
#> [4,]    0    0    0    0
IndicFshape(Ti,ngrp,TestIndic)
#> , , 1
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> 
#> , , 2
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 3
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 4
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 5
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 6
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> 
#> , , 7
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 8
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 9
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 10
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 11
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> 
#> , , 12
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 13
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 14
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 15
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "a1" "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "a2" "a1" "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "a3" "a2" "a1" "0" 
#> 
#> , , 16
#> 
#>      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
#> [1,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [2,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [3,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0" 
#> [4,] "0"  "0"  "0"  "0"

Those $F$ matrices are lower diagonal ones to enforce that an observed value at a given time can only be predicted by a value that was observed in the past only (i.e. neither at the same moment or in the future).

The plotF is convenient to display F matrices. Here are the the displays of the three $F$ matrices we have just introduced.

plotF(Fshape,choice="Fshape")
plotF(CascadeFshape(4,4),choice="Fshape")
plotF(IndicFshape(Ti,ngrp,TestIndic),choice="Fshape")

We now fit the model with an $F$ matrix that is designed for cascade networks.

Specific Fshape

Net_inf_P_S <- Patterns::inference(M, Finit=CascadeFinit(4,4), Fshape=CascadeFshape(4,4))
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'M' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'inference' : objet 'M' introuvable

Plot of the inferred F matrix

plot(Net_inf_P_S, choice="F")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'Net_inf_P_S' introuvable

Heatmap of the coefficients of the Omega matrix of the network. They reflect the use of a special $F$ matrix. It is an example of an F matrix specifically designed to deal with cascade networks.

stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_S@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale="none", revC=TRUE)
#> Error in stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_S@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale = "none", : objet 'Net_inf_P_S' introuvable

There are many fitting functions provided with the Patterns package in order to search for specific features for the inferred network such as sparsity, robust links, high confidence links or stable through resampling links. :

  • LASSO, from the lars package
  • LASSO2, from the glmnet package. An unweighted and a weighted version of the algorithm are available
  • SPLS, from the spls package
  • ELASTICNET, from the elasticnet package
  • stability.c060, from the c060 package implementation of stability selection
  • stability.c060.weighted, a new weighted version of the c060 package implementation of stability selection
  • robust, lasso from the lars package with light random Gaussian noise added to the explanatory variables
  • selectboost.weighted, a new weighted version of the selectboost package implementation of the selectboost algorithm to look for the more stable links against resampling that takes into account the correlated structure of the predictors. If no weights are provided, equal weigths are for all the variables (=non weighted case).
Net_inf_P_Lasso2 <- Patterns::inference(M, Finit=CascadeFinit(4,4), Fshape=CascadeFshape(4,4), fitfun="LASSO2")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'M' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'inference' : objet 'M' introuvable

Plot of the inferred F matrix

plot(Net_inf_P_Lasso2, choice="F")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'Net_inf_P_Lasso2' introuvable

Heatmap of the coefficients of the Omega matrix of the network

stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_Lasso2@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale="none", revC=TRUE)
#> Error in stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_Lasso2@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, : objet 'Net_inf_P_Lasso2' introuvable

We create a weighting vector to perform weighted lasso inference.

Weights_Net=slot(Net,"network")
#> Error in slot(Net, "network"): aucun slot de nom "network" pour cet objet de la classe "omics_network"
Weights_Net[Net@network!=0]=.1        
#> Error in Weights_Net[Net@network != 0] = 0.1: objet 'Weights_Net' introuvable
Weights_Net[Net@network==0]=1000
#> Error in Weights_Net[Net@network == 0] = 1000: objet 'Weights_Net' introuvable
Net_inf_P_Lasso2_Weighted <- Patterns::inference(M, Finit=CascadeFinit(4,4), Fshape=CascadeFshape(4,4), fitfun="LASSO2", priors=Weights_Net)
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'M' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'inference' : objet 'M' introuvable

Plot of the inferred F matrix

plot(Net_inf_P_Lasso2_Weighted, choice="F")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'Net_inf_P_Lasso2_Weighted' introuvable

Heatmap of the coefficients of the Omega matrix of the network

stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_Lasso2_Weighted@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale="none", revC=TRUE)
#> Error in stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_Lasso2_Weighted@network, Rowv = NA, : objet 'Net_inf_P_Lasso2_Weighted' introuvable
Net_inf_P_SPLS <- Patterns::inference(M, Finit=CascadeFinit(4,4), Fshape=CascadeFshape(4,4), fitfun="SPLS")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'M' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'inference' : objet 'M' introuvable

Plot of the inferred F matrix

plot(Net_inf_P_SPLS, choice="F")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'Net_inf_P_SPLS' introuvable

Heatmap of the coefficients of the Omega matrix of the network

stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_SPLS@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale="none", revC=TRUE)
#> Error in stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_SPLS@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, : objet 'Net_inf_P_SPLS' introuvable
Net_inf_P_ELASTICNET <- Patterns::inference(M, Finit=CascadeFinit(4,4), Fshape=CascadeFshape(4,4), fitfun="ELASTICNET")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'M' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'inference' : objet 'M' introuvable

Plot of the inferred F matrix

plot(Net_inf_P_ELASTICNET, choice="F")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'Net_inf_P_ELASTICNET' introuvable

Heatmap of the coefficients of the Omega matrix of the network

stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_ELASTICNET@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale="none", revC=TRUE)
#> Error in stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_ELASTICNET@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, : objet 'Net_inf_P_ELASTICNET' introuvable
Net_inf_P_stability <- Patterns::inference(M, Finit=CascadeFinit(4,4), Fshape=CascadeFshape(4,4), fitfun="stability.c060")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'M' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'inference' : objet 'M' introuvable

Plot of the inferred F matrix

plot(Net_inf_P_stability, choice="F")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'Net_inf_P_stability' introuvable

Heatmap of the coefficients of the Omega matrix of the network

stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_stability@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale="none", revC=TRUE)
#> Error in stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_stability@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, : objet 'Net_inf_P_stability' introuvable
Net_inf_P_StabWeight <- Patterns::inference(M, Finit=CascadeFinit(4,4), Fshape=CascadeFshape(4,4), fitfun="stability.c060.weighted", priors=Weights_Net)
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'M' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'inference' : objet 'M' introuvable

Plot of the inferred F matrix

plot(Net_inf_P_StabWeight, choice="F")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'Net_inf_P_StabWeight' introuvable

Heatmap of the coefficients of the Omega matrix of the network

stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_StabWeight@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale="none", revC=TRUE)
#> Error in stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_StabWeight@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, : objet 'Net_inf_P_StabWeight' introuvable
Net_inf_P_Robust <- Patterns::inference(M, Finit=CascadeFinit(4,4), Fshape=CascadeFshape(4,4), fitfun="robust")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'M' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'inference' : objet 'M' introuvable

Plot of the inferred F matrix

plot(Net_inf_P_Robust, choice="F")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'Net_inf_P_Robust' introuvable

Heatmap of the coefficients of the Omega matrix of the network

stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_Robust@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale="none", revC=TRUE)
#> Error in stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_Robust@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, : objet 'Net_inf_P_Robust' introuvable
Weights_Net_1 <- Weights_Net
#> Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): objet 'Weights_Net' introuvable
Weights_Net_1[,] <- 1
#> Error in Weights_Net_1[, ] <- 1: objet 'Weights_Net_1' introuvable
Net_inf_P_SelectBoost <- Patterns::inference(M, Finit=CascadeFinit(4,4), Fshape=CascadeFshape(4,4), fitfun="selectboost.weighted",priors=Weights_Net_1)
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'M' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'inference' : objet 'M' introuvable

Plot of the inferred F matrix

plot(Net_inf_P_SelectBoost, choice="F")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'Net_inf_P_SelectBoost' introuvable

Heatmap of the coefficients of the Omega matrix of the network

stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_SelectBoost@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale="none", revC=TRUE)
#> Error in stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_SelectBoost@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, : objet 'Net_inf_P_SelectBoost' introuvable
Net_inf_P_SelectBoostWeighted <- Patterns::inference(M, Finit=CascadeFinit(4,4), Fshape=CascadeFshape(4,4), fitfun="selectboost.weighted",priors=Weights_Net)
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'M' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'inference' : objet 'M' introuvable

Plot of the inferred F matrix

plot(Net_inf_P_SelectBoostWeighted, choice="F")
#> Error in h(simpleError(msg, call)): erreur d'�valuation de l'argument 'x' lors de la s�lection d'une m�thode pour la fonction 'plot' : objet 'Net_inf_P_SelectBoostWeighted' introuvable

Heatmap of the coefficients of the Omega matrix of the network

stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_SelectBoostWeighted@network, Rowv = NA, Colv = NA, scale="none", revC=TRUE)
#> Error in stats::heatmap(Net_inf_P_SelectBoostWeighted@network, Rowv = NA, : objet 'Net_inf_P_SelectBoostWeighted' introuvable

Post inference network analysis

Such an analysis is only required if the model was not fitted using the stability selection or the selectboost algorithm.

Create an animation of the network with increasing cutoffs with an animated .gif format or a html webpage in the working directory.

data(network)
sequence<-seq(0,0.2,length.out=20)
evolution(network,sequence,type.ani = "gif", outdir=getwd())
evolution(network,sequence,type.ani = "html", outdir=getwd())
#> Error in setwd(outdir): impossible de changer de répertoire de travail
#> Error in setwd(outdir): impossible de changer de répertoire de travail

Evolution as .html.

Evolution of some properties of a reverse-engineered network with increasing cut-off values.

We switch to data that were derived from the inferrence of a real biological network and try to detect the optimal cutoff value: the best cutoff value for a network to fit a scale free network. The cutoff was validated only single group cascade networks (number of actors groups = number of timepoints) and for genes dataset. Instead of the cutoff function, manual curation or the stability selection or the selectboost algorithm should be used.

data("networkCascade")
set.seed(1)
cutoff(networkCascade)
#> Error in (function (classes, fdef, mtable) : impossible de trouver une méthode héritée pour la fonction 'cutoff' pour la signature '"network"'

Analyze the network with a cutoff set to the previouly found 0.133 optimal value.

analyze_network(networkCascade,nv=0.133)
#> Error in (function (classes, fdef, mtable) : impossible de trouver une méthode héritée pour la fonction 'analyze_network' pour la signature '"network"'
data(Selection)
plot(networkCascade,nv=0.133, gr=Selection@group)
#> Error in as.double(y): cannot coerce type 'S4' to vector of type 'double'

Perform gene selection

Import data.

library(Patterns)
library(CascadeData)
data(micro_S)
micro_S<-as.omics_array(micro_S,time=c(60,90,210,390),subject=6,gene_ID=rownames(micro_S))
data(micro_US)
micro_US<-as.omics_array(micro_US,time=c(60,90,210,390),subject=6,gene_ID=rownames(micro_US))

Select early genes (t1 or t2):

Selection1<-geneSelection(x=micro_S,y=micro_US,20,wanted.patterns=rbind(c(0,1,0,0),c(1,0,0,0),c(1,1,0,0)))

Section genes with first significant differential expression at t1:

Selection2<-geneSelection(x=micro_S,y=micro_US,20,peak=1)

Section genes with first significant differential expression at t2:

Selection3<-geneSelection(x=micro_S,y=micro_US,20,peak=2)

Select later genes (t3 or t4)

Selection4<-geneSelection(x=micro_S,y=micro_US,50,
wanted.patterns=rbind(c(0,0,1,0),c(0,0,0,1),c(1,1,0,0)))

Merge those selections:

Selection<-unionOmics(Selection1,Selection2)
Selection<-unionOmics(Selection,Selection3)
Selection<-unionOmics(Selection,Selection4)
head(Selection)
#> $omicsarray
#>                    US60       US90      US210
#> 210226_at    0.82417544  0.9166931  0.7310784
#> 233516_s_at -0.27395188 -2.3695246  0.6511830
#> 202081_at    0.60477249  0.6599672 -0.1884742
#> 236719_at   -2.07284086 -0.3123747  0.1792494
#> 236019_at   -0.08175065 -0.3699708 -0.4315901
#> 1563563_at  -1.44513486  1.6869516 -0.4297297
#> 
#> $name
#> [1] "210226_at"   "233516_s_at" "202081_at"   "236719_at"   "236019_at"  
#> [6] "1563563_at" 
#> 
#> $gene_ID
#> [1] "210226_at"   "233516_s_at" "202081_at"   "236719_at"   "236019_at"  
#> [6] "1563563_at" 
#> 
#> $group
#> [1] 1 2 1 1 1 1
#> 
#> $start_time
#> [1] 1 2 1 1 1 1
#> 
#> $time
#> [1]  60  90 210 390
#> 
#> $subject
#> [1] 6

Summarize the final selection:

summary(Selection)
#>       US60               US90               US210             US390         
#>  Min.   :-2.76841   Min.   :-2.369525   Min.   :-1.6147   Min.   :-2.60480  
#>  1st Qu.:-0.18028   1st Qu.:-0.181425   1st Qu.: 0.1985   1st Qu.:-0.03884  
#>  Median : 0.05675   Median :-0.001924   Median : 0.9886   Median : 0.31766  
#>  Mean   : 0.05764   Mean   : 0.278275   Mean   : 0.9611   Mean   : 0.26428  
#>  3rd Qu.: 0.22438   3rd Qu.: 0.664063   3rd Qu.: 1.6918   3rd Qu.: 0.57117  
#>  Max.   : 2.86440   Max.   : 4.284675   Max.   : 3.6727   Max.   : 2.54704  
#>       US60              US90              US210              US390         
#>  Min.   :-2.7932   Min.   :-2.49245   Min.   :-1.21606   Min.   :-1.74407  
#>  1st Qu.:-0.5547   1st Qu.:-0.01944   1st Qu.: 0.07966   1st Qu.:-0.26548  
#>  Median :-0.3089   Median : 0.14977   Median : 0.72019   Median : 0.03616  
#>  Mean   :-0.2917   Mean   : 0.33720   Mean   : 0.73063   Mean   : 0.06753  
#>  3rd Qu.:-0.1725   3rd Qu.: 0.48744   3rd Qu.: 1.26164   3rd Qu.: 0.32496  
#>  Max.   : 2.0267   Max.   : 3.37588   Max.   : 3.87950   Max.   : 2.83321  
#>       US60               US90             US210             US390        
#>  Min.   :-2.94444   Min.   :-0.9721   Min.   :-1.9349   Min.   :-3.8418  
#>  1st Qu.:-0.23136   1st Qu.:-0.1027   1st Qu.: 0.3254   1st Qu.:-0.1592  
#>  Median :-0.04761   Median : 0.2548   Median : 1.2512   Median : 0.1538  
#>  Mean   : 0.22115   Mean   : 0.6479   Mean   : 1.0485   Mean   : 0.1219  
#>  3rd Qu.: 0.33157   3rd Qu.: 1.0737   3rd Qu.: 1.8513   3rd Qu.: 0.6268  
#>  Max.   : 3.31723   Max.   : 4.3604   Max.   : 4.4860   Max.   : 1.9886  
#>       US60               US90              US210              US390         
#>  Min.   :-2.85438   Min.   :-0.90355   Min.   :-0.83324   Min.   :-0.96834  
#>  1st Qu.:-0.06031   1st Qu.:-0.08464   1st Qu.: 0.07605   1st Qu.: 0.01569  
#>  Median : 0.03601   Median : 0.17135   Median : 0.52176   Median : 0.17370  
#>  Mean   : 0.14593   Mean   : 0.41929   Mean   : 0.62446   Mean   : 0.23854  
#>  3rd Qu.: 0.24568   3rd Qu.: 0.75565   3rd Qu.: 1.07821   3rd Qu.: 0.45189  
#>  Max.   : 1.82903   Max.   : 3.60640   Max.   : 2.27744   Max.   : 1.90880  
#>       US60               US90              US210             US390        
#>  Min.   :-1.38002   Min.   :-2.94444   Min.   :-1.0271   Min.   :-1.3636  
#>  1st Qu.:-0.19910   1st Qu.:-0.01758   1st Qu.: 0.1459   1st Qu.:-0.1386  
#>  Median :-0.07962   Median : 0.16080   Median : 0.7430   Median : 0.1492  
#>  Mean   : 0.12972   Mean   : 0.37123   Mean   : 0.7972   Mean   : 0.1271  
#>  3rd Qu.: 0.26113   3rd Qu.: 0.61933   3rd Qu.: 1.3922   3rd Qu.: 0.4825  
#>  Max.   : 2.31074   Max.   : 3.24454   Max.   : 3.6213   Max.   : 1.5979  
#>       US60               US90              US210             US390         
#>  Min.   :-1.79176   Min.   :-3.20791   Min.   :-1.4716   Min.   :-1.95883  
#>  1st Qu.:-0.09822   1st Qu.:-0.03963   1st Qu.: 0.1292   1st Qu.:-0.04786  
#>  Median : 0.03378   Median : 0.28261   Median : 0.8392   Median : 0.22472  
#>  Mean   : 0.27978   Mean   : 0.52529   Mean   : 0.7903   Mean   : 0.21171  
#>  3rd Qu.: 0.33548   3rd Qu.: 1.03256   3rd Qu.: 1.4416   3rd Qu.: 0.42511  
#>  Max.   : 3.16035   Max.   : 3.19975   Max.   : 2.8027   Max.   : 2.14903

Plot the final selection:

plot(Selection)

This process could be improved by retrieve a real gene_ID using the bitr function of the ClusterProfiler package or by performing independent filtering using jetset package to only keep at most only probeset (the best one, if there is one good enough) per gene_ID.

Examples of outputs

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Version

Install

install.packages('Patterns')

Version

1.4

License

GPL (>= 2)

Issues

0

Pull Requests

0

Stars

4

Forks

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Maintainer

Frederic Bertrand

Last Published

December 1st, 2022

Functions in Patterns (1.4)

gene_expr_simulation,omics_network-method

Simulates omicsarray data based on a given network.
dim

Dimension of the data
evolution,omics_network-method

See the evolution of the network with change of cutoff
cutoff,omics_network-method

Choose the best cutoff
omics_array-class

Class "omics_array"
network_random

Generates a network.
clustInference,omics_array,numeric-method

A function to explore a dataset and cluster its rows.
networkCascade

A example of an inferred cascade network (4 groups case).
replaceDown

Replace matrix values triangular lower part and by band for the upper part.
head,omics_array-method

Overview of a omics_array object
replaceBand

Replace matrix values by band.
network

A example of an inferred network (4 groups case).
replaceUp

Replace matrix values triangular upper part and by band for the lower part.
plotF

Plot functions for the F matrices.
summary-methods

Summary methods
infos

Details on some probesets of the affy_hg_u133_plus_2 platform.
plot-methods

Plot
predict,omics_array-method

Methods for Function predict
unionOmics-methods

Makes the union between two omics_array objects.
show-methods

Show methods
position-methods

Returns the position of edges in the network
network2gp

A example of an inferred cascade network (2 groups case).
unsupervised_clustering,omics_array,numeric,numeric-method

Cluster a omics_array object: performs the clustering.
inference

Reverse-engineer the network
omics_predict-class

Class "omics_predict"
unsupervised_clustering_auto_m_c,omics_array-method

Cluster a omics_array object: determine optimal fuzzification parameter and number of clusters.
omics_network-class

Class "omics_network"
probeMerge,omics_array-method

Function to merge probesets
Selection

Selection of genes.
IndicFinit

Create initial F matrices using specific intergroup actions for network inference.
Net

Simulated network for examples.
Net_inf_PL

Reverse-engineered network of the M and Net simulated data.
as.omics_array

Coerce a matrix into a omics_array object.
CascadeFinit

Create initial F matrices for cascade networks inference.
CLL

Expression data from healthy and malignant (chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CLL) human B-lymphocytes after B-cell receptor stimulation (GSE 39411 dataset)
CascadeFshape

Create F matrices shaped for cascade networks inference.
Patterns-package

The Patterns Package
IndicFshape

Create F matrices using specific intergroup actions for network inference.
M

Simulated microarray.
compare-methods

Some basic criteria of comparison between actual and inferred network.
geneNeighborhood,omics_network-method

Find the neighborhood of a set of nodes.
analyze_network,omics_network-method

Analysing the network
geneSelection

Methods for selecting genes
clustExploration,omics_array-method

A function to explore a dataset and cluster its rows.