check_collinearity()
checks regression models for
multicollinearity by calculating the variance inflation factor (VIF).
multicollinearity()
is an alias for check_collinearity()
.
check_concurvity()
is a wrapper around mgcv::concurvity()
, and can be
considered as a collinearity check for smooth terms in GAMs. Confidence
intervals for VIF and tolerance are based on Marcoulides et al.
(2019, Appendix B).
check_collinearity(x, ...)multicollinearity(x, ...)
# S3 method for default
check_collinearity(x, ci = 0.95, verbose = TRUE, ...)
# S3 method for glmmTMB
check_collinearity(
x,
component = c("all", "conditional", "count", "zi", "zero_inflated"),
ci = 0.95,
verbose = TRUE,
...
)
check_concurvity(x, ...)
A data frame with information about name of the model term, the
variance inflation factor and associated confidence intervals, the factor
by which the standard error is increased due to possible correlation
with other terms, and tolerance values (including confidence intervals),
where tolerance = 1/vif
.
A model object (that should at least respond to vcov()
,
and if possible, also to model.matrix()
- however, it also should
work without model.matrix()
).
Currently not used.
Confidence Interval (CI) level for VIF and tolerance values.
Toggle off warnings or messages.
For models with zero-inflation component, multicollinearity
can be checked for the conditional model (count component,
component = "conditional"
or component = "count"
),
zero-inflation component (component = "zero_inflated"
or
component = "zi"
) or both components (component = "all"
).
Following model-classes are currently supported: hurdle
,
zeroinfl
, zerocount
, MixMod
and glmmTMB
.
Multicollinearity should not be confused with a raw strong correlation
between predictors. What matters is the association between one or more
predictor variables, conditional on the other variables in the
model. In a nutshell, multicollinearity means that once you know the
effect of one predictor, the value of knowing the other predictor is rather
low. Thus, one of the predictors doesn't help much in terms of better
understanding the model or predicting the outcome. As a consequence, if
multicollinearity is a problem, the model seems to suggest that the
predictors in question don't seems to be reliably associated with the
outcome (low estimates, high standard errors), although these predictors
actually are strongly associated with the outcome, i.e. indeed might have
strong effect (McElreath 2020, chapter 6.1).
Multicollinearity might arise when a third, unobserved variable has a causal
effect on each of the two predictors that are associated with the outcome.
In such cases, the actual relationship that matters would be the association
between the unobserved variable and the outcome.
Remember: “Pairwise correlations are not the problem. It is the
conditional associations - not correlations - that matter.”
(McElreath 2020, p. 169)
The variance inflation factor is a measure to analyze the magnitude of multicollinearity of model terms. A VIF less than 5 indicates a low correlation of that predictor with other predictors. A value between 5 and 10 indicates a moderate correlation, while VIF values larger than 10 are a sign for high, not tolerable correlation of model predictors (James et al. 2013). The Increased SE column in the output indicates how much larger the standard error is due to the association with other predictors conditional on the remaining variables in the model.
If interaction terms are included in a model, high VIF values are expected. This portion of multicollinearity among the component terms of an interaction is also called "inessential ill-conditioning", which leads to inflated VIF values that are typically seen for models with interaction terms (Francoeur 2013).
check_concurvity()
is a wrapper around mgcv::concurvity()
, and can be
considered as a collinearity check for smooth terms in GAMs.
“Concurvity occurs when some smooth term in a model could be
approximated by one or more of the other smooth terms in the model.” (see
?mgcv::concurvity
). check_concurvity()
returns a column named VIF,
which is the "worst" measure. While mgcv::concurvity()
range between
0 and 1, the VIF value is 1 / (1 - worst)
, to make interpretation
comparable to classical VIF values, i.e. 1
indicates no problems, while
higher values indicate increasing lack of identifiability. The VIF proportion
column equals the "estimate" column from mgcv::concurvity()
, ranging
from 0 (no problem) to 1 (total lack of identifiability).
Francoeur, R. B. (2013). Could Sequential Residual Centering Resolve Low Sensitivity in Moderated Regression? Simulations and Cancer Symptom Clusters. Open Journal of Statistics, 03(06), 24-44.
James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., and Tibshirani, R. (eds.). (2013). An introduction to statistical learning: with applications in R. New York: Springer.
Marcoulides, K. M., and Raykov, T. (2019). Evaluation of Variance Inflation Factors in Regression Models Using Latent Variable Modeling Methods. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 79(5), 874–882.
McElreath, R. (2020). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan. 2nd edition. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Vanhove, J. (2019). Collinearity isn't a disease that needs curing. webpage
m <- lm(mpg ~ wt + cyl + gear + disp, data = mtcars)
check_collinearity(m)
# plot results
if (require("see")) {
x <- check_collinearity(m)
plot(x)
}
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