poppr (version 2.9.6)

recode_polyploids: Recode polyploid microsatellite data for use in frequency based statistics.

Description

As the genind object requires ploidy to be consistent across loci, a workaround to importing polyploid data was to code missing alleles as "0" (for microsatellite data sets). The advantage of this is that users would be able to calculate Bruvo's distance, the index of association, and genotypic diversity statistics. The tradeoff was the fact that this broke all other analyses as they relied on allele frequencies and the missing alleles are treated as extra alleles. This function removes those alleles and returns a genclone or genind object where allele frequencies are coded based on the number of alleles observed at a single locus per individual. See the examples for more details.

Usage

recode_polyploids(poly, newploidy = FALSE, addzero = FALSE)

Value

a genclone, genind, or

genpop object.

Arguments

poly

a genclone, genind, or genpop object that has a ploidy of > 2

newploidy

for genind or genclone objects: if FALSE (default), the user-defined ploidy will stay constant. if TRUE, the ploidy for each sample will be determined by the maximum ploidy observed for each genotype.

addzero

add zeroes onto genind or genclone objects with uneven ploidy? if TRUE, objects with uneven ploidies will have zeroes appended to all loci to allow conversion to genpop objects. Defaults to FALSE.

Author

Zhian N. Kamvar

Details

The genind object has two caveats that make it difficult to work with polyploid data sets:

1. ploidy must be constant throughout the data set

2. missing data is treated as "all-or-none"

In an ideal world, polyploid genotypes would be just as unambiguous as diploid or haploid genotypes. Unfortunately, the world we live in is far from ideal and a genotype of AB in a tetraploid organism could be AAAB, AABB, or ABBB. In order to get polyploid data in to adegenet or poppr, we must code all loci to have the same number of allelic states as the ploidy or largest observed heterozygote (if ploidy is unknown). The way to do this is to insert zeroes to pad the alleles. So, to import two genotypes of:

NA	20	23	24
20	24	26	43

they should be coded as:

0	20	23	24
20	24	26	43

This zero is treated as an extra allele and is represented in the genind object as so:

0	20	23	24	26	43
1	1	1	1	0	0
0	1	0	1	1	1

This function remedies this problem by removing the zero column. The above table would become:

20	23	24	26	43
1	1	1	0	0
1	0	1	1	1

With this, the user is able to calculate frequency based statistics on the data set.

Examples

data(Pinf)
iPinf <- recode_polyploids(Pinf)

# Note that the difference between the number of alleles.
nAll(Pinf)
nAll(iPinf)

if (FALSE) {
library("ape")

# Removing missing data. 
setPop(Pinf) <- ~Country

# Calculating Rogers' distance. 
rog <- rogers.dist(genind2genpop(Pinf))
irog <- rogers.dist(recode_polyploids(genind2genpop(Pinf)))

# We will now plot neighbor joining trees. Note the decreased distance in the
# original data.
plot(nj(rog), type = "unrooted")
add.scale.bar(lcol = "red", length = 0.02)
plot(nj(irog), type = "unrooted")
add.scale.bar(lcol = "red", length = 0.02)
}