Learn R Programming
⚠️There's a newer version (2.4.6.26) of this package.Take me there.

psych (version 1.8.12)

Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research

Description

A general purpose toolbox for personality, psychometric theory and experimental psychology. Functions are primarily for multivariate analysis and scale construction using factor analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and reliability analysis, although others provide basic descriptive statistics. Item Response Theory is done using factor analysis of tetrachoric and polychoric correlations. Functions for analyzing data at multiple levels include within and between group statistics, including correlations and factor analysis. Functions for simulating and testing particular item and test structures are included. Several functions serve as a useful front end for structural equation modeling. Graphical displays of path diagrams, factor analysis and structural equation models are created using basic graphics. Some of the functions are written to support a book on psychometric theory as well as publications in personality research. For more information, see the web page.

Copy Link

Version

Install

install.packages('psych')

Monthly Downloads

250,723

Version

1.8.12

License

GPL (>= 2)

Maintainer

William Revelle

Last Published

January 12th, 2019

Functions in psych (1.8.12)

Garcia

Data from the sexism (protest) study of Garcia, Schmitt, Branscome, and Ellemers (2010)
Gleser

Example data from Gleser, Cronbach and Rajaratnam (1965) to show basic principles of generalizability theory.
VSS

Apply the Very Simple Structure, MAP, and other criteria to determine the appropriate number of factors.
ICLUST.graph

create control code for ICLUST graphical output
SD

Find the Standard deviation for a vector, matrix, or data.frame - do not return error if there are no cases
VSS.parallel

Compare real and random VSS solutions
bfi

25 Personality items representing 5 factors
bi.bars

Draw pairs of bargraphs based on two groups
blot

Bond's Logical Operations Test -- BLOT
Schmid

12 variables created by Schmid and Leiman to show the Schmid-Leiman Transformation
VSS.plot

Plot VSS fits
bock

Bock and Liberman (1970) data set of 1000 observations of the LSAT
cluster2keys

Convert a cluster vector (from e.g., kmeans) to a keys matrix suitable for scoring item clusters.
VSS.scree

Plot the successive eigen values for a scree test
00.psych

A package for personality, psychometric, and psychological research
cohen.d

Find Cohen d and confidence intervals
AUC

Decision Theory measures of specificity, sensitivity, and d prime
Schutz

The Schutz correlation matrix example from Shapiro and ten Berge
KMO

Find the Kaiser, Meyer, Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy
Promax

Perform Procustes,bifactor, promax or targeted rotations and return the inter factor angles.
burt

11 emotional variables from Burt (1915)
Tucker

9 Cognitive variables discussed by Tucker and Lewis (1973)
cor.wt

The sample size weighted correlation may be used in correlating aggregated data
Yule

From a two by two table, find the Yule coefficients of association, convert to phi, or tetrachoric, recreate table the table to create the Yule coefficient.
cattell

12 cognitive variables from Cattell (1963)
ability

16 ability items scored as correct or incorrect.
affect

Two data sets of affect and arousal scores as a function of personality and movie conditions
bassAckward

The Bass-Ackward factoring algorithm discussed by Goldberg
comorbidity

Convert base rates of two diagnoses and their comorbidity into phi, Yule, and tetrachorics
bestScales

A bootstrap aggregation (bagging) function for choosing most predictive items
cor2dist

Convert correlations to distances (necessary to do multidimensional scaling of correlation data)
circ.tests

Apply four tests of circumplex versus simple structure
densityBy

Create a 'violin plot' or density plot of the distribution of a set of variables
alpha

Find two estimates of reliability: Cronbach's alpha and Guttman's Lambda 6.
fa.poly

Deprecated Exploratory Factor analysis functions. Please use fa
Bechtoldt

Seven data sets showing a bifactor solution.
cities

Distances between 11 US cities
eigen.loadings

Convert eigen vectors and eigen values to the more normal (for psychologists) component loadings
cor.plot

Create an image plot for a correlation or factor matrix
cor.ci

Bootstrapped confidence intervals for raw and composite correlations
cluster.loadings

Find item by cluster correlations, corrected for overlap and reliability
biplot.psych

Draw biplots of factor or component scores by factor or component loadings
ellipses

Plot data and 1 and 2 sigma correlation ellipses
cor.smooth

Smooth a non-positive definite correlation matrix to make it positive definite
cluster.plot

Plot factor/cluster loadings and assign items to clusters by their highest loading.
corFiml

Find a Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) correlation or covariance matrix from a data matrix with missing data
ICC

Intraclass Correlations (ICC1, ICC2, ICC3 from Shrout and Fleiss)
corr.test

Find the correlations, sample sizes, and probability values between elements of a matrix or data.frame.
cortest.mat

Chi square tests of whether a single matrix is an identity matrix, or a pair of matrices are equal.
correct.cor

Find dis-attenuated correlations given correlations and reliabilities
iclust

iclust: Item Cluster Analysis -- Hierarchical cluster analysis using psychometric principles
scoreOverlap

Find correlations of composite variables (corrected for overlap) from a larger matrix.
cosinor

Functions for analysis of circadian or diurnal data
ICLUST.rgraph

Draw an ICLUST graph using the Rgraphviz package
cubits

Galton's example of the relationship between height and 'cubit' or forearm length
cluster.fit

cluster Fit: fit of the cluster model to a correlation matrix
fa

Exploratory Factor analysis using MinRes (minimum residual) as well as EFA by Principal Axis, Weighted Least Squares or Maximum Likelihood
fa.diagram

Graph factor loading matrices
ICLUST.sort

Sort items by absolute size of cluster loadings
factor.fit

How well does the factor model fit a correlation matrix. Part of the VSS package
blant

A 29 x 29 matrix that produces weird factor analytic results
diagram

Helper functions for drawing path model diagrams
draw.tetra

Draw a correlation ellipse and two normal curves to demonstrate tetrachoric correlation
factor.model

Find R = F F' + U2 is the basic factor model
cushny

A data set from Cushny and Peebles (1905) on the effect of three drugs on hours of sleep, used by Student (1908)
pairwiseCount

Count number of pairwise cases for a data set with missing (NA) data and impute values.
error.bars

Plot means and confidence intervals
cta

Simulate the C(ues) T(endency) A(ction) model of motivation
cortest.bartlett

Bartlett's test that a correlation matrix is an identity matrix
block.random

Create a block randomized structure for n independent variables
dummy.code

Create dummy coded variables
error.bars.by

Plot means and confidence intervals for multiple groups
errorCircles

Two way plots of means, error bars, and sample sizes
Dwyer

8 cognitive variables used by Dwyer for an example.
heights

A data.frame of the Galton (1888) height and cubit data set.
iclust.diagram

Draw an ICLUST hierarchical cluster structure diagram
income

US family income from US census 2008
error.crosses

Plot x and y error bars
describe

Basic descriptive statistics useful for psychometrics
describeBy

Basic summary statistics by group
fa.multi

Multi level (hierarchical) factor analysis
interp.median

Find the interpolated sample median, quartiles, or specific quantiles for a vector, matrix, or data frame
fa.sort

Sort factor analysis or principal components analysis loadings
fa.parallel

Scree plots of data or correlation matrix compared to random ``parallel" matrices
factor.congruence

Coefficient of factor congruence
df2latex

Convert a data frame, correlation matrix, or factor analysis output to a LaTeX table
fisherz

Transformations of r, d, and t including Fisher r to z and z to r and confidence intervals
fparse

Parse and exten formula input from a model and return the DV, IV, and associated terms.
fa.random

A first approximation to Random Effects Exploratory Factor Analysis
irt.responses

Plot probability of multiple choice responses as a function of a latent trait
factor.residuals

R* = R- F F'
multilevel.reliability

Find and plot various reliability/gneralizability coefficients for multilevel data
dfOrder

Sort (order) a dataframe or matrix by multiple columns
kaiser

Apply the Kaiser normalization when rotating factors
faCor

Correlations between two factor analysis solutions
error.dots

Show a dot.chart with error bars for different groups or variables
factor.scores

Various ways to estimate factor scores for the factor analysis model
epi

Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) data for 3570 participants
factor.stats

Find various goodness of fit statistics for factor analysis and principal components
epi.bfi

13 personality scales from the Eysenck Personality Inventory and Big 5 inventory
factor.rotate

``Hand" rotate a factor loading matrix
glb.algebraic

Find the greatest lower bound to reliability.
psych.misc

Miscellaneous helper functions for the psych package
esem

Perform and Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) by using factor extension techniques
splitHalf

Alternative estimates of test reliabiity
mixedCor

Find correlations for mixtures of continuous, polytomous, and dichotomous variables
polychor.matrix

Phi or Yule coefficient matrix to polychoric coefficient matrix
galton

Galton's Mid parent child height data
predict.psych

Prediction function for factor analysis or principal components
fa.lookup

A set of functions for factorial and empirical scale construction
fa.extension

Apply Dwyer's factor extension to find factor loadings for extended variables
sai

State Anxiety data from the PMC lab over multiple occasions.
cohen.kappa

Find Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa coefficients for correlation of two raters
neo

NEO correlation matrix from the NEO_PI_R manual
factor2cluster

Extract cluster definitions from factor loadings
irt.item.diff.rasch

Simple function to estimate item difficulties using IRT concepts
geometric.mean

Find the geometric mean of a vector or columns of a data.frame.
irt.1p

Item Response Theory estimate of theta (ability) using a Rasch (like) model
Utility

Useful utility functions for file/directory exploration and manipulation.
harmonic.mean

Find the harmonic mean of a vector, matrix, or columns of a data.frame
logistic

Logistic transform from x to p and logit transform from p to x
matrix.addition

A function to add two vectors or matrices
manhattan

"Manhattan" plots of correlations with a set of criteria.
sat.act

3 Measures of ability: SATV, SATQ, ACT
headTail

Combine calls to head and tail
mediate

Estimate and display direct and indirect effects of mediators and moderator in path models
multi.hist

Multiple histograms with density and normal fits on one page
mssd

Find von Neuman's Mean Square of Successive Differences
msq

75 mood items from the Motivational State Questionnaire for 3896 participants
parcels

Find miniscales (parcels) of size 2 or 3 from a set of items
msqR

75 mood items from the Motivational State Questionnaire for 3032 unique participants
peas

Galton`s Peas
scoreIrt

Find Item Response Theory (IRT) based scores for dichotomous or polytomous items
outlier

Find and graph Mahalanobis squared distances to detect outliers
partial.r

Find the partial correlations for a set (x) of variables with set (y) removed.
mat.sort

Sort the elements of a correlation matrix to reflect factor loadings
omega

Calculate McDonald's omega estimates of general and total factor saturation
phi.demo

A simple demonstration of the Pearson, phi, and polychoric corelation
omega.graph

Graph hierarchical factor structures
iqitems

16 multiple choice IQ items
scoreItems

Score item composite scales and find Cronbach's alpha, Guttman lambda 6 and item whole correlations
phi

Find the phi coefficient of correlation between two dichotomous variables
phi2tetra

Convert a phi coefficient to a tetrachoric correlation
read.file

Shortcuts for reading from the clipboard or a file
rescale

Function to convert scores to ``conventional " metrics
irt.fa

Item Response Analysis by Exploratory Factor Analysis of tetrachoric/polychoric correlations
lowerUpper

Combine two square matrices to have a lower off diagonal for one, upper off diagonal for the other
sim.item

Generate simulated data structures for circumplex, spherical, or simple structure
make.keys

Create a keys matrix for use by score.items or cluster.cor
r.test

Tests of significance for correlations
p.rep

Find the probability of replication for an F, t, or r and estimate effect size
schmid

Apply the Schmid Leiman transformation to a correlation matrix
scaling.fits

Test the adequacy of simple choice, logistic, or Thurstonian scaling.
scatterHist

Draw a scatter plot with associated X and Y histograms, densities and correlation
principal

Principal components analysis (PCA)
rangeCorrection

Correct correlations for restriction of range. (Thorndike Case 2)
paired.r

Test the difference between (un)paired correlations
print.psych

Print and summary functions for the psych class
score.alpha

Score scales and find Cronbach's alpha as well as associated statistics
structure.list

Create factor model matrices from an input list
sim.structure

Create correlation matrices or data matrices with a particular measurement and structural model
sim.multilevel

Simulate multilevel data with specified within group and between group correlations
test.irt

A simple demonstration (and test) of various IRT scoring algorthims.
pairs.panels

SPLOM, histograms and correlations for a data matrix
test.psych

Testing of functions in the psych package
sim.anova

Simulate a 3 way balanced ANOVA or linear model, with or without repeated measures.
sim.VSS

create VSS like data
superMatrix

Form a super matrix from two sub matrices.
testRetest

Find various test-retest statistics, including test, person and item reliability
thurstone

Thurstone Case V scaling
tetrachoric

Tetrachoric, polychoric, biserial and polyserial correlations from various types of input
setCor

Multiple Regression and Set Correlation from matrix or raw input
sim

Functions to simulate psychological/psychometric data.
plot.psych

Plotting functions for the psych package of class ``psych"
polar

Convert Cartesian factor loadings into polar coordinates
residuals.psych

Extract residuals from various psych objects
reverse.code

Reverse the coding of selected items prior to scale analysis
score.multiple.choice

Score multiple choice items and provide basic test statistics
tr

Find the trace of a square matrix
mardia

Calculate univariate or multivariate (Mardia's test) skew and kurtosis for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
scrub

A utility for basic data cleaning and recoding. Changes values outside of minimum and maximum limits to NA.
sim.congeneric

Simulate a congeneric data set
simulation.circ

Simulations of circumplex and simple structure
spi

A sample from the SAPA Personality Inventory including an item dictionary and scoring keys.
spider

Make "radar" or "spider" plots.
smc

Find the Squared Multiple Correlation (SMC) of each variable with the remaining variables in a matrix
table2matrix

Convert a table with counts to a matrix or data.frame representing those counts.
sim.hierarchical

Create a population or sample correlation matrix, perhaps with hierarchical structure.
Tal_Or

Data set testing causal direction in presumed media influence
statsBy

Find statistics (including correlations) within and between groups for basic multilevel analyses
structure.diagram

Draw a structural equation model specified by two measurement models and a structural model
unidim

Several indices of the unidimensionality of a set of variables.
vegetables

Paired comparison of preferences for 9 vegetables
winsor

Find the Winsorized scores, means, sds or variances for a vector, matrix, or data.frame
withinBetween

An example of the distinction between within group and between group correlations
ICLUST.cluster

Function to form hierarchical cluster analysis of items
Gorsuch

Example data set from Gorsuch (1997) for an example factor extension.
Harman

Five data sets from Harman (1967). 9 cognitive variables from Holzinger and 8 emotional variables from Burt