psych (version 2.4.6.26)

sim.congeneric: Simulate a congeneric data set with or without minor factors

Description

Classical Test Theory (CTT) considers four or more tests to be congenerically equivalent if all tests may be expressed in terms of one factor and a residual error. Parallel tests are the special case where (usually two) tests have equal factor loadings. Tau equivalent tests have equal factor loadings but may have unequal errors. Congeneric tests may differ in both factor loading and error variances. Minor factors may be added as systematic but trivial disturbances

Usage

sim.congeneric(loads = c(0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5),N = NULL,  err=NULL, short = TRUE, 
              categorical=FALSE, low=-3,high=3,cuts=NULL,minor=FALSE,fsmall = c(-.2,.2))

Value

model

The implied population correlation matrix if N=NULL or short=FALSE, otherwise the sample correlation matrix

pattern

The pattern matrix implied by the loadings and error variances

r

The sample correlation matrix for long output

observed

a matrix of test scores for n tests

latent

The latent trait and error scores

Arguments

N

How many subjects to simulate. If NULL, return the population model

loads

A vector of factor loadings for the tests

err

A vector of error variances -- if NULL then error = 1 - loading 2

short

short=TRUE: Just give the test correlations, short=FALSE, report observed test scores as well as the implied pattern matrix

categorical

continuous or categorical (discrete) variables.

low

values less than low are forced to low

high

values greater than high are forced to high

cuts

If specified, and categorical = TRUE, will cut the resulting continuous output at the value of cuts

minor

Should n/2 minor factors be added (see Maccallum and Tucker, 1991)

fsmall

nvar/2 small factors are generated with loadings sampled from fsmall e.g. (-.2,0,.2)

Author

William Revelle

Details

When constructing examples for reliability analysis, it is convenient to simulate congeneric data structures. These are the most simple of item structures, having just one factor. Mainly used for a discussion of reliability theory as well as factor score estimates.

Maccallum and Tucker (1991) suggest that factor models should include minor factors, that at not random error but unspecifed by the basic model. This option has been added in November, 2022.

The implied covariance matrix is just pattern %*% t(pattern).

References

Revelle, W. (in prep) An introduction to psychometric theory with applications in R. To be published by Springer. (working draft available at https://personality-project.org/r/book/

MacCallum, R. C., & Tucker, L. R. (1991). Representing sources of error in the common-factormodel: Implications for theory and practice. Psychological Bulletin, 109(3), 502-511.

See Also

item.sim for other simulations, fa for an example of factor scores, irt.fa and polychoric for the treatment of item data with discrete values.

Examples

test <- sim.congeneric(c(.9,.8,.7,.6))   #just the population matrix
test <- sim.congeneric(c(.9,.8,.7,.6),N=100)   # a sample correlation matrix
test <- sim.congeneric(short=FALSE, N=100)
round(cor(test$observed),2) # show  a congeneric correlation matrix
f1=fa(test$observed,scores=TRUE)
round(cor(f1$scores,test$latent),2)  
     #factor score estimates are correlated with but not equal to the factor scores
set.seed(42)
#500 responses to 4 discrete items
items <- sim.congeneric(N=500,short=FALSE,low=-2,high=2,categorical=TRUE) 
d4 <- irt.fa(items$observed)  #item response analysis of congeneric measures