relaimpo (version 2.2-7)

booteval.relimp: Functions to Bootstrap Relative Importance Metrics

Description

These functions provide bootstrap confidence intervals for relative importances. boot.relimp uses the R package boot to do the actual bootstrapping of requested metrics (which may take quite a while), while booteval.relimp evaluates the results and provides confidence intervals. Output from booteval.relimp is printed with a tailored print method, and a plot method produces bar plots with confidence indication of the relative importance metrics.

Usage

## generic function
boot.relimp(object, ...)
## default S3 method
# S3 method for default
boot.relimp(object, x = NULL, ..., b = 1000, type = "lmg", 
    rank = TRUE, diff = TRUE, rela = FALSE, always = NULL, 
    groups = NULL, groupnames = NULL, fixed=FALSE, 
    weights = NULL, design = NULL)
## S3 method for formula objects
# S3 method for formula
boot.relimp(formula, data, weights, na.action, ..., subset = NULL)
## S3 method for objects of class lm
# S3 method for lm
boot.relimp(object, type = "lmg", groups = NULL, groupnames=NULL, always = NULL, 
    ..., b=1000)
## function for evaluating bootstrap results
booteval.relimp(bootrun, bty = "perc", level = 0.95, 
    sort = FALSE, norank = FALSE, nodiff = FALSE, 
    typesel = c("lmg", "pmvd", "last", "first", "betasq", "pratt", "genizi", "car"))

Value

The value of boot.relimp is of class relimplmboot. It is designed to be useful as input for booteval.relimp and is not further described here.

booteval.relimp returns an object of class relimplmbooteval, the items of which can be accessed by the $ or the @ extractors.

In addition to the items described for function calc.relimp, which are also available here, the following items may be of interest for further calculations:

metric.lower

matrix of lower confidence bounds for “metric”: one row for each confidence level, one column for each element of “metric”. “metric” can be any of lmg, lmg.rank, lmg.diff, ... (replace lmg with other available relative importance metrics, cf. calc.relimp)

metric.upper

matrix of upper confidence bounds for “metric”: one row for each confidence level, one column for each element of “metric”

metric.boot

matrix of bootstrap results for “metric”: one row for each bootstrap run, one column for each element of “metric”. Here, “metric” can be chosen as any of the above-mentioned and also as \(R^2\)

nboot

number of bootstrap runs underlying the evaluations

level

confidence levels

Arguments

object

cf. calc.relimp.

formula

cf. calc.relimp. But note the additional restriction that - in connection with the design=-option - it is currently not possible to use factors, interactions or calculated quantities in a formula.

x

cf. calc.relimp.

b

is the number of bootstrap runs requested on boot.relimp (default: b=1000). Make sure to set this to a lower number, if you are simply testing code.

type

cf. calc.relimp.

rank

is a logical requesting bootstrapping of ranks (rank=TRUE, default) for each metric from type

diff

is a logical requesting bootstrapping of pairwise differences in relative importance (diff=TRUE, default) for each metric in type

rela

cf. calc.relimp.

always

cf. calc.relimp.

groups

cf. calc.relimp.

groupnames

cf. calc.relimp.

weights

cf. calc.relimp for specification of weights. See also the Details section of this help page for usage of different types of weights.

design

cf. calc.relimp. But note that there are currently some restrictions regarding usability of other possibilities, when using a design in boot.relimp: formulae can only be simpler than usual, and factors, interactions or calculated variables in formulae are not permitted.

For a description of the bootstrap method's treatment of designs, see the details section. In the current version, using a design in bootstrapping must be considered EXPERIMENTAL.

fixed

is a logical requesting bootstrapping for a fixed design matrix (if TRUE). The default is bootstrapping for randomly drawn samples (fixed = FALSE).

data

cf. calc.relimp.

subset

cf. calc.relimp.

na.action

cf. calc.relimp.

...

usable for further arguments, particularly all arguments of the default method can be given to all other methods

bootrun

is an object of class relimplmboot created by function boot.relimp. It hands over all relevant information on the bootstrap runs to function booteval.relimp.

bty

is the type of bootstrap interval requested (a character string), as handed over to the function boot.ci from package boot. Possible choices are bca, perc, basic and norm. student is not supported.

level

is a single confidence level or a numeric vector of confidence levels.

sort

is a logical requesting output sorted by size of relative contribution (sort=TRUE) or by variable position in list (sort=FALSE, default).

norank

is a logical that suppresses of rank letters (norank=TRUE) even if ranks have been bootstrapped.

nodiff

is a logical that suppresses output of confidence intervals for differences (nodiff=TRUE), even if differences have been bootstrapped.

typesel

provides the metrics that are to be reported. Default: all available ones (intersection of those available in object bootrun and those requested in typesel). typesel accepts the same values as type.

Author

Ulrike Groemping, BHT Berlin

Warning

The bootstrap confidence intervals should be used for exploratory purposes only. They can be somewhat liberal: Limited simulations for percentile intervals have shown that non-coverage probabilities can be up to twice the nominal probabilities. More investigations are needed.

Be aware that the method itself needs some computing time in case of many regressors. Hence, bootstrapping should be used with awareness of computing time issues.

relaimpo is a package for univariate linear models. Using relaimpo on objects that inherit from class lm but are not univariate linear model objects may produce nonsensical results without warning. Objects of class mlm or glm with link functions other than identity or family other than gaussian lead to an error message.

Details

Calculations of metrics are based on the function calc.relimp. Bootstrapping is done with the R package boot, resampling the full observation vectors by default (combinations of response, weights and regressors, cf. Fox (2002)). If fixed=TRUE is specified, bootstrapping is based on residuals rather than full observations, keeping the X-variables fixed.

If the weights option is used, weights are resampled together with the full observations, and weighted contributions are calculated for each resample (no re-normalization is done within the resamples.)

Please note that usage of weights in linear models can have very different reasons. One motivation is a different variability of different observations, where weights are the inverse variances. This is the way weights are treated in function lm and also in calc.relimp and in boot.relimp, if a vector of weights is given with the weights option. Specifically, weights do not affect the resampling probability in bootstrapping, i.e. each observation has the same probability to be included in resamples.

If the weights in a data frame represent the multiplicity of each observation (i.e. there are several units with identical combination of values in the data, and the weights represent the number of units with exactly this value pattern for each row of the data frame), they can also be directly used as weights in calc.relimp for calculating the metrics. However, such frequency weights cannot be appropriately accomodated in boot.relimp; instead, the data frame with frequencies has to be expanded to include one row for each unit before using the resampling routine (e.g. using function untable from package reshape or function expand.table from package epitools.

In survey situations, weights are used to generate a more representative picture of the population: an observation's weight is typically the number of units of the population that this single observed unit represents. In this situation, there is no reason to consider observations with higher weights as less variable than observations with lower weights; thus, while estimates can again be obtained treating the weights in the same way as mentioned before, their usage in estimation of standard errors and in bootstrapping is different. In order to appropriately accomodate survey weights for these purposes, it is not sufficient to only provide the weights vector; instead, it is necessary to provide a design generated with package survey or an object of class svyglm (produced by function svyglm) that includes the appropriate design information.

Clusters are a way to take care of dependency structures like in longitudinal data. Thus, while relaimpo does not (currently) cover linear mixed models (e.g. produced by function lme), it is possible to accomodate clustered data by applying function svyglm with linear link function and gaussian distribution to a design that contains clusters. The bootstrapping approach subsequently takes care of the dependence by considering clusters as sampling units. Users who want to use this approach can mimic the second example below.

If the design option is used (experimental), resampling is done within package survey, and the resampled contributions are also calculated within package survey. The results from these calculations are plugged into an object from package boot, and confidence interval calculation is subsequently handled in boot. The approach is considered experimental: so far no simulation studies have been conducted for complex survey designs, and because of limited experience (in spite of thorough testing) it is not unlikely that bugs will be found by users who are routinely using complex survey designs.

The output provides results for all selected relative importance metrics. The output object can be printed and plotted (description of syntax: classesmethods.relaimpo).

Printed output: In addition to the standard output of calc.relimp (one row for each regressor, one column for each bootstrapped metric), there is a table of confidence intervals for each selected metric (one row per combination of regressor and metric). This table is enhanced by information on rank confidence intervals, if ranks have been bootstrapped (rank=TRUE) and norank=FALSE. In addition, if differences have been bootstrapped (diff=TRUE) and nodiff=FALSE, there is a table of estimated pairwise differences with confidence intervals.

Graphical output: Application of the plot method to the object created by booteval.relimp yields barplot representations for all bootstrapped metrics (all in one graphics window). Confidence level (lev=) and number of characters in variable names to be used (names.abbrev=) can be modified. Confidence bounds are indicated on the graphs by added vertical lines. par() options can be used for modifying output (exceptions: mfrow, oma and mar are overridden by the plot method).

References

Chevan, A. and Sutherland, M. (1991) Hierarchical Partitioning. The American Statistician 45, 90--96.

Darlington, R.B. (1968) Multiple regression in psychological research and practice. Psychological Bulletin 69, 161--182.

Feldman, B. (2005) Relative Importance and Value. Manuscript (Version 1.1, March 19 2005), downloadable at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2255827

Fox, J. (2002) Bootstrapping regression models. An R and S-PLUS Companion to Applied Regression: A web appendix to the book. https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion-2E/appendix/Appendix-Bootstrapping.pdf.

Genizi, A. (1993) Decomposition of R2 in multiple regression with correlated regressors. Statistica Sinica 3, 407--420. Downloadable at https://www3.stat.sinica.edu.tw/statistica/password.asp?vol=3&num=2&art=10

Groemping, U. (2006) Relative Importance for Linear Regression in R: The Package relaimpo Journal of Statistical Software 17, Issue 1. Downloadable at https://www.jstatsoft.org/v17/i01

Lindeman, R.H., Merenda, P.F. and Gold, R.Z. (1980) Introduction to Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis, Glenview IL: Scott, Foresman.

Zuber, V. and Strimmer, K. (2010) Variable importance and model selection by decorrelation. Preprint, downloadable at https://arxiv.org/abs/1007.5516

Go to https://prof.bht-berlin.de/groemping/relaimpo/ for further information and references.

See Also

relaimpo, calc.relimp, mianalyze.relimp, classesmethods.relaimpo

Examples

#####################################################################
### Example: relative importance of various socioeconomic indicators 
###          for Fertility in Switzerland
### Fertility is first column of data set swiss
#####################################################################
data(swiss)
   # bootstrapping
       bootswiss <- boot.relimp(swiss, b = 100,  
                type = c("lmg", "last", "first", "pratt"),
                rank = TRUE, diff = TRUE, rela = TRUE)
       # for demonstration purposes only 100 bootstrap replications

       #alternatively, use formula interface
       bootsub <- boot.relimp(Fertility~Education+Catholic+Infant.Mortality, swiss, 
              subset=Catholic>40, b = 100, type = c("lmg", "last", "first", "pratt"),
              rank = TRUE, diff = TRUE)
       # for demonstration purposes only 100 bootstrap replications

   #default output (percentily intervals, as of Version 2 of the package)
    booteval.relimp(bootswiss)
    plot(booteval.relimp(bootswiss))

    #sorted printout, chosen confidence levels, chosen interval method
    #store as object
        result <- booteval.relimp(bootsub, bty="bca", 
              sort = TRUE, level=c(0.8,0.9))
         #because of only 100 bootstrap replications, 
         #default bca intervals produce warnings
    #output driven by print method
        result
    #result plotting with default settings 
    #(largest confidence level, names abbreviated to length 4)
        plot(result)
    #result plotting with modified settings (chosen confidence level, 
    #names abbreviated to chosen length)
        plot(result, level=0.8,names.abbrev=5)
    #result plotting with longer names shown vertically
        par(las=2)
        plot(result, level=0.9,names.abbrev=6)
    #plot does react to options set with par()
    #exceptions: mfrow, mar and oma are set within the plot routine itself

#####################################################################
### Example: bootstrapping clustered data                            
###          data taken from example.lmm of package lmm
### y is change in pulse (heart beats per minute) 
###    15 min (occ 1 to 3) and 90 min (occ 4 to 6) after 
###    treatment with Placebo (occ 1 or 4) low (occ 2 or 5) 
###    or high (occ 3 or 6) dose of marihuana
### each of 9 subjects is observed under most or all 
### of the 6 possible conditions
#####################################################################
## create example data from package lmm
y <- c(16,20,16,20,-6,-4,
    12,24,12,-6,4,-8,
    8,8,26,-4,4,8,
    20,8,20,-4,
    8,4,-8,22,-8,
    10,20,28,-20,-4,-4,
    4,28,24,12,8,18,
    -8,20,24,-3,8,-24,
    20,24,8,12)
occ <- c(1,2,3,4,5,6,
      1,2,3,4,5,6,
      1,2,3,4,5,6,
      1,2,5,6,
      1,2,3,5,6,
      1,2,3,4,5,6,
      1,2,3,4,5,6,
      1,2,3,4,5,6,
      2,3,4,5)
subj <- c(1,1,1,1,1,1,
       2,2,2,2,2,2,
       3,3,3,3,3,3,
       4,4,4,4,
       5,5,5,5,5,
       6,6,6,6,6,6,
       7,7,7,7,7,7,
       8,8,8,8,8,8,
       9,9,9,9)
### manual creation of dummies
### reference category placebo after 90min (occ=4)
dumm1 <- as.numeric(occ==1)
dumm2 <- as.numeric(occ==2)
dumm3 <- as.numeric(occ==3)
dumm5 <- as.numeric(occ==5)
dumm6 <- as.numeric(occ==6)

## create data frame
dat <- data.frame(y,dumm1,dumm2,dumm3,dumm5,dumm6,subj)

### create design with clusters
des <- svydesign(id=~subj,data=dat)

### apply bootstrapping
### using the design with subjects as clusters implies that 
###     clusters are generally kept in or excluded as a whole
### of course, b=100 is too small, only chosen for speed of package creation 
bt <- boot.relimp(y~dumm1+dumm2+dumm3+dumm5+dumm6,data=dat,
   design=des,b=100,type=c("lmg","first","last","betasq","pratt"))

### calculate and display results
booteval.relimp(bt,lev=0.9,nodiff=TRUE)