ambientNOxCH: Daily Means of NOx (mono-nitrogen oxides) in air

Description

This dataset contains daily means (from midnight to midnight) of NOx, i.e., mono-nitrogen oxides, in [ppb] at 13 sites in central Switzerland and Aarau for the year 2004.

Usage

data(ambientNOxCH, package="robustbase")

Arguments

Format

A data frame with 366 observations on the following 14 variables.

date: date of day, of class "Date".
ad: Site is located north of Altdorf 100 meters east of motorway A2, on an open field at the beginning of a more than 2000m deep valley (690.175, 193.55; 438; inLuft)
ba: Site is located in the centre of the little town of Baden in a residential area. Baden has 34'000 inhabitants and is situated on the swiss plateau (666.075, 257.972; 377; inLuft).
ef: Site is located 6 km south of altdorf and 800 m north of the village of Erstfeld. The motorway A2 passes 5 m west of the measuring site. Over 8 million vehicles have passed Erstfeld in 2004 where 13% of the counts were attributed to trucks (691.43, 187.69; 457; MFM-U).
la: Site is located on a wooded hill in a rural area called Laegern, about 190 m above Baden, which is about 5 km away (669.8, 259; 690; NABEL).
lu: Site is located in the center of town of Lucerne, which has 57'000 inhabitants (666.19, 211.975; 460; inLuft).
re: Site is located 1 km west of Reiden on the Swiss plateau. The motorway A2 passes 5 m west of the measuring site (639.56, 232.11; 462; MFM-U).
ri: Site is located at Rigi Seebodenalp, 649 m above the lake of Lucerne on an alp with half a dozen small houses (677.9, 213.5; 1030; NABEL).
se: Site is located in Sedel next to town of Lucerne 35m above and 250m south of motorway A14 from Zug to Lucerne on a low hill with free 360° panorama (665.5, 213.41; 484; inLuft).
si: Site is located at the border of a small industrial area in Sisseln, 300 m east of a main road (640.725, 266.25; 305; inLuft).
st: Site is located at the south east border of Stans with 7'000 inhabitants (670.85, 201.025; 438; inLuft).
su: Site is located in the center of Suhr (8700 inhabitants), 10 m from the main road (648.49, 246.985; 403; inLuft).
sz: Site is located in Schwyz (14'200 inhabitants) near a shopping center (691.92, 208.03; 470; inLuft).
zg: Site is located in the centre of Zug with 22'000 inhabitants, 24 m from the main road (681.625, 224.625; 420; inLuft).

Details

The 13 sites are part of one of the three air quality monitoring networks: inLuft (regional authorities of central Switzerland and canton Aargau)
NABEL (Swiss federal network)
MFM-U (Monitoring flankierende Massnahmen Umwelt), special Swiss federal network along transit motorways A2 and A13 from Germany to Italy through Switzerland
The information within the brackets means: Swiss coordinates km east, km north; m above sea level; network

When the measuring sites are exposed to the same atmospheric condition and when there is no singular emission event at any site, log(mean(NOx) of a specific day at each site) is a linear function of log(yearly.mean(NOx) at the corresponding site). The offset and the slope of the straight line reflects the atmospheric conditions at this specific day. During winter time, often an inversion prevents the emissions from being diluted vertically, so that there evolve two separate atmospheric compartements: One below the inversion boundary with polluted air and one above with relatively clean air. In our example below, Rigi Seebodenalp is above the inversion boundary between December 10th and 12th.

Examples

Run this code

data(ambientNOxCH)
str (ambientNOxCH)

yearly <- log(colMeans(ambientNOxCH[,-1], na.rm=TRUE))
xlim <- range(yearly)
lNOx <- log(ambientNOxCH[, -1])
days <-     ambientNOxCH[, "date"]

## Subset of 9 days starting at April 4:
idays <- seq(which(ambientNOxCH$date=="2004-12-04"), length=9)
ylim <- range(lNOx[idays,],na.rm=TRUE)
op <- par(mfrow=c(3,3),mar=rep(1,4), oma = c(0,0,2,0))

for (id in idays) {
  daily <- unlist(lNOx[id,])
  plot(NA, xlim=xlim,ylim=ylim, ann=FALSE, type = "n")
  abline(0:1, col="light gray")
  abline(lmrob(daily~yearly, na.action=na.exclude),
         col="red", lwd=2)
  text(yearly, daily, names(yearly), col="blue")
  mtext(days[id], side=1, line=-1.2, cex=.75, adj=.98)
}
mtext("Daily ~ Yearly  log( NOx mean values ) at 13 Swiss locations",
      outer=TRUE)
par(op)

## do all 366 regressions:  Least Squares and Robust:
LS <- lapply(1:nrow(ambientNOxCH), function(id)
             lm(unlist(lNOx[id,]) ~ yearly,
                na.action = na.exclude))
R <- lapply(1:nrow(ambientNOxCH),
            function(id) lmrob(unlist(lNOx[id,]) ~ yearly,
                               na.action = na.exclude))
## currently 4 warnings about non-convergence;
## which ones?
days[notOk <- ! sapply(R, `[[`, "converged") ]
## "2004-01-10" "2004-05-12" "2004-05-16" "2004-11-16"

## first problematic case:
daily <- unlist(lNOx[which(notOk)[1],])
plot(daily ~ yearly,
     main = paste("lmrob() non-convergent:",days[notOk[1]]))
rr <- lmrob(daily ~ yearly, na.action = na.exclude,
            control = lmrob.control(trace=3, max.it = 100))
##-> 53 iter.

## Look at all coefficients:
R.cf <- t(sapply(R, coef))
C.cf <- t(sapply(LS, coef))
plot(C.cf, xlim=range(C.cf[,1],R.cf[,1]),
           ylim=range(C.cf[,2],R.cf[,2]))
mD1 <- rowMeans(abs(C.cf - R.cf))
lrg <- mD1 > quantile(mD1, 0.80)
arrows(C.cf[lrg,1], C.cf[lrg,2],
       R.cf[lrg,1], R.cf[lrg,2], length=.1, col="light gray")
points(R.cf, col=2)

## All robustness weights
aW <- t(sapply(R, weights, type="robustness"))
colnames(aW) <- names(yearly)
summary(aW)
sort(colSums(aW < 0.05, na.rm = TRUE)) # how often "clear outlier":
# lu st zg ba se sz su si re la ef ad ri
#  0  0  0  1  1  1  2  3  4 10 14 17 48

lattice::levelplot(aW, asp=1/2, main="Robustness weights",
                   xlab= "day", ylab= "site")