sensitivity (version 1.28.0)

PoincareOptimal: Optimal Poincare constants for Derivative-based Global Sensitivity Measures (DGSM)

Description

A DGSM is a sensitivity index relying on the integral (over the space domain of the input variables) of the squared derivatives of a model output with respect to one model input variable. The product between a DGSM and a Poincare Constant (Roustant et al., 2014: Roustant et al., 2017), on the type of probability distribution of the input variable, gives an upper bound of the total Sobol' index corresponding to the same input (Lamboni et al., 2013; Kucherenko and Iooss, 2016).

This function provides the optimal Poincare constant as explained in Roustant et al. (2017). It solves numerically the spectral problem corresponding to the Poincare inequality, with Neumann conditions. The differential equation is f'' - V'f'= - lambda f with f'(a) = f'(b) = 0. In addition, all the spectral decomposition can be returned by the function. The eigenvalues are sorted in ascending order, starting from zero. The information corresponding to the optimal constant is thus given in the second column.

IMPORTANT: This program is useless for the two following input variable distributions:

• uniform on \([min,max]\) interval: The optimal Poincare constant is \(\frac{(max-min)^2}{pi^2}\).

• normal with a standard deviation \(sd\): The optimal Poincare constant is \(sd^2\).

Usage

PoincareOptimal(distr=list("unif",c(0,1)), min=NULL, max=NULL, 
                n = 500, method = c("quadrature", "integral"), only.values = TRUE, 
                der = FALSE, plot = FALSE, ...)

Value

PoincareOptimal returns a list containing:

opt

the optimal Poincare constant

values

the eigenvalues in increasing order, starting from 0. Thus, the second one is the spectral gap, equal to the inverse of the Poincare constant

vectors

the values of eigenfunctions at knots

der

the values of eigenfunction derivatives at knots

knots

a sequence of length n formed by equally spaced real numbers in the support of the probability distribution, used for discretization

Arguments

distr

a list or a function corresponding to the probability distribution.

• If it is a list, it contains the name of the R distribution of the variable and its parameters. Possible choices are: "unif" (uniform), "norm" (normal), "exp" (exponential), "triangle" (triangular from package triangle), "gumbel" (from package evd), "beta", "gamma", "weibull" and "lognorm" (lognormal). The values of the distribution parameters have to be passed in arguments in the same order than the corresponding R function.

• If it is a function, it corresponds to the pdf. Notice that the normalizing constant has no impact on the computation of the optimal Poincare constant and can be ommitted.

min

see below

max

[min,max]: interval on which the distribution is truncated. Choose low and high quantiles in case of unbounded distribution. Choose NULL for uniform and triangular distributions

n

number of discretization steps

method

method of integration: "quadrature" (default value) uses the trapez quadrature (close and quicker), "integral" is longer but does not make any approximation

only.values

if TRUE, only eigen values are computed and returned, otherwise both eigenvalues and eigenvectors are returned (default value is TRUE)

der

if TRUE, compute the eigenfunction derivatives (default value is FALSE)

plot

logical:if TRUE and only.values=FALSE, plots a minimizer of the Rayleigh ratio (default value is FALSE)

...

additional arguments

Author

Olivier Roustant and Bertrand Iooss

Details

For the uniform, normal, triangular and Gumbel distributions, the optimal constants are computed on the standardized correponding distributions (for a better numerical efficiency). In these cases, the return optimal constant and eigenvalues correspond to original distributions.

References

O. Roustant, F. Barthe and B. Iooss, Poincare inequalities on intervals - application to sensitivity analysis, Electronic Journal of Statistics, Vol. 11, No. 2, 3081-3119, 2017.

O Roustant, F. Gamboa, B Iooss. Parseval inequalities and lower bounds # for variance-based sensitivity indices. 2019. hal-02140127

See Also

PoincareConstant, PoincareChaosSqCoef

Examples

# uniform on [a, b]
a <- -1 ; b <- 1
out <- PoincareOptimal(distr = list("unif", a, b))
cat("Poincare constant (theory -- estimated):", (b-a)^2/pi^2, "--", out$opt, "\n")

# truncated standard normal on [-1, 1]
# the optimal Poincare constant is then equal to 1/3,
# as -1 and 1 are consecutive roots of the 2nd Hermite polynomial X*X - 1.
out <- PoincareOptimal(distr = dnorm, min = -1, max = 1, 
                       plot = TRUE, only.values = FALSE)
cat("Poincare constant (theory -- estimated):", 1/3, "--", out$opt, "\n")

# \donttest{
# truncated standard normal on [-1.87, +infty]
out <- PoincareOptimal(distr = list("norm", 0, 1), min = -1.87, max = 5, 
                       method = "integral", n = 500)
print(out$opt)

# truncated Gumbel(0,1) on [-0.92, 3.56]
library(evd)
out <- PoincareOptimal(distr = list("gumbel", 0, 1), min = -0.92, max = 3.56, 
                       method = "integral", n = 500)
print(out$opt)

# symetric triangular [-1,1]
library(triangle)
out <- PoincareOptimal(distr = list("triangle", -1, 1, 0), min = NULL, max = NULL)
cat("Poincare constant (theory -- estimated):", 0.1729, "--", out$opt, "\n")


# Lognormal distribution
out <- PoincareOptimal(distr = list("lognorm", 1, 2), min = 3, max = 10, 
                       only.values = FALSE, plot = TRUE, method = "integral")
print(out$opt)


## -------------------------------

## Illustration for eigenfunctions on the uniform distribution
## (corresponds to Fourier series)
b <- 1
a <- -b
out <- PoincareOptimal(distr = list("unif", a, b), 
                       only.values = FALSE, der = TRUE, method = "quad")

# Illustration for 3 eigenvalues

par(mfrow = c(3,2))
eigenNumber <- 1:3 # eigenvalue number
for (k in eigenNumber[1:3]){ # keep the 3 first ones (for graphics)
  plot(out$knots, out$vectors[, k + 1], type = "l", 
       ylab = "", main = paste("Eigenfunction", k), 
       xlab = paste("Eigenvalue:", round(out$values[k+1], digits = 3)))
  sgn <- sign(out$vectors[1, k + 1])
  lines(out$knots, sgn * sqrt(2) * cos(pi * k * (out$knots/(b-a) + 0.5)), 
        col = "red", lty = "dotted")
  
  plot(out$knots, out$der[, k + 1], type = "l", 
       ylab = "", main = paste("Eigenfunction derivative", k), 
       xlab = "")
  sgn <- sign(out$vectors[1, k + 1])
  lines(out$knots, - sgn * sqrt(2) / (b-a) * pi * k * sin(pi * k * (out$knots/(b-a) + 0.5)), 
        col = "red", lty = "dotted")
}


# how to create a function for one eigenfunction and eigenvalue,
# given N values 
eigenFun <- approxfun(x = out$knots, y = out$vectors[, 2])
eigenDerFun <- approxfun(x = out$knots, y = out$der[, 2])
x <- runif(n = 3, min = -1/2, max = 1/2)
eigenFun(x)
eigenDerFun(x)

# }