isop: Fit Unidimensional ISOP and ADISOP Model to Dichotomous and Polytomous Item Responses

Description

Fit the unidimensional isotonic probabilistic model (ISOP; Scheiblechner, 1995, 2007) and the additive istotonic probabilistic model (ADISOP; Scheiblechner, 1999). The isop.dich function can be used for dichotomous data while the isop.poly function can be applied to polytomous data. Note that for applying the ISOP model for polytomous data it is necessary that all items do have the same number of categories.

Usage

isop.dich(dat, score.breaks=NULL, merge.extreme=TRUE,
     conv=.0001, maxit=1000, epsilon=.025, progress=TRUE)
isop.poly( dat, score.breaks=seq(0,1,len=10 ),
     conv=.0001, maxit=1000, epsilon=.025, progress=TRUE )
# S3 method for isop
summary(object,...)
# S3 method for isop
plot(x,ask=TRUE,...)

Value

A list with following entries:

freq.correct: Used frequency table (distribution function) for dichotomous and polytomous data
wgt: Used weights (frequencies)
prob.saturated: Frequencies of the saturated model
prob.isop: Fitted frequencies of the ISOP model
prob.adisop: Fitted frequencies of the ADISOP model
prob.logistic: Fitted frequencies of the logistic model (only for isop.dich)
prob.grm: Fitted frequencies of the graded response model (only for isop.poly)
ll: List with log-likelihood values
fit: Vector of fit statistics
person: Data frame of person parameters
item: Data frame of item parameters
p.itemcat: Frequencies for every item category
score.itemcat: Scoring points for every item category
fit.isop: Values of fitting the ISOP model (see fit.isop)
fit.isop: Values of fitting the ADISOP model (see fit.adisop)
fit.logistic: Values of fitting the logistic model (only for isop.dich)
fit.grm: Values of fitting the graded response model (only for isop.poly)
...: Further values

Arguments

dat: Data frame with dichotomous or polytomous item responses
score.breaks: Vector with breaks to define score groups. For dichotomous data, the person score grouping is applied for the mean person score, for polytomous data it is applied to the modified percentile score.
merge.extreme: Merge extreme groups with zero and maximum score with succeeding score categories? The default is TRUE.
conv: Convergence criterion
maxit: Maximum number of iterations
epsilon: Additive constant to handle cell frequencies of 0 or 1 in fit.adisop
progress: Display progress?
object: Object of class isop (generated by isop.dich or isop.poly)
x: Object of class isop (generated by isop.dich or isop.poly)
ask: Ask for a new plot?
...: Further arguments to be passed

Details

The ISOP model for dichotomous data was firstly proposed by Irtel and Schmalhofer (1982). Consider person groups $p$ (ordered from low to high scores) and items $i$ (ordered from difficult to easy items). Here, $F(p,i)$ denotes the proportion correct for item $i$ in score group $p$, while $n_{pi}$ denotes the number of persons in group $p$ and on item $i$. The isotonic probabilistic model (Scheiblechner, 1995) monotonically smooths this distribution function $F$ such that $$ P( X_{pi}=1 | p, i )=F^\ast( p, i ) $$ where the two-dimensional distribution function $F^\ast$ is isotonic in $p$ and $i$. Model fit is assessed by the square root of weighted squares of deviations $$Fit=\sqrt{ \frac{1}{I} \sum_{p,i} w_{pi} \left( F(p, i) - F^\ast(p,i ) \right )^2 }$$ with frequency weights $w_{pi}$ and $\sum_p w_{pi}=1$ for every item $i$. The additive isotonic model (ADISOP; Scheiblechner, 1999) assumes the existence of person parameters $\theta_p$ and item parameters $\delta_i$ such that $$ P( X_{pi}=1 | p )=g( \theta_p + \delta_i )$$ and $g$ is a nonparametrically estimated isotonic function. The functions isop.dich and isop.poly uses $F^\ast$ from the ISOP models and estimates person and item parameters of the ADISOP model. For comparison, isop.dich also fits a model with the logistic function $g$ which results in the Rasch model.

For polytomous data, the starting point is the empirical distribution function $$ P( X_i \le k | p )=F( k ; p, i ) $$ which is increasing in the argument $k$ (the item categories). The ISOP model is defined to be antitonic in $p$ and $i$ while items are ordered with respect to item P-scores and persons are ordered according to modified percentile scores (Scheiblechner, 2007). The estimated ISOP model results in a distribution function $F^\ast$. Using this function, the additive isotonic probabilistic model (ADISOP) aims at estimating a distribution function $$P( X_i \le k ; p )=F^{\ast \ast} ( k ; p, i )=F^{ \ast \ast } ( k, \theta_p + \delta_i ) $$ which is antitonic in $k$ and in $\theta_p + \delta_i$. Due to this additive relation, the ADISOP scale values are claimed to be measured at interval scale level (Scheiblechner, 1999).

The ADISOP model is compared to the graded response model which is defined by the response equation $$P( X_i \le k ; p )=g( \theta_p + \delta_i + \gamma_k ) $$ where $g$ denotes the logistic function. Estimated parameters are in the value fit.grm: person parameters $\theta_p$ (person.sc), item parameters $\delta_i$ (item.sc) and category parameters $\gamma_k$ (cat.sc).

The calculation of person and item scores is explained in isop.scoring.

For an application of the ISOP and ADISOP model see Scheiblechner and Lutz (2009).

References

Irtel, H., & Schmalhofer, F. (1982). Psychodiagnostik auf Ordinalskalenniveau: Messtheoretische Grundlagen, Modelltest und Parameterschaetzung. Archiv fuer Psychologie, 134, 197-218.

Scheiblechner, H. (1995). Isotonic ordinal probabilistic models (ISOP). Psychometrika, 60, 281-304.

Scheiblechner, H. (1999). Additive conjoint isotonic probabilistic models (ADISOP). Psychometrika, 64, 295-316.

Scheiblechner, H. (2007). A unified nonparametric IRT model for d-dimensional psychological test data (d-ISOP). Psychometrika, 72, 43-67.

Scheiblechner, H., & Lutz, R. (2009). Die Konstruktion eines optimalen eindimensionalen Tests mittels nichtparametrischer Testtheorie (NIRT) am Beispiel des MR SOC. Diagnostica, 55, 41-54.

Examples

Run this code

#############################################################################
# EXAMPLE 1: Dataset Reading (dichotomous items)
#############################################################################

data(data.read)
dat <- as.matrix( data.read)
I <- ncol(dat)

# Model 1: ISOP Model (11 score groups)
mod1 <- sirt::isop.dich( dat )
summary(mod1)
plot(mod1)

if (FALSE) {
# Model 2: ISOP Model (5 score groups)
score.breaks <- seq( -.005, 1.005, len=5+1 )
mod2 <- sirt::isop.dich( dat, score.breaks=score.breaks)
summary(mod2)

#############################################################################
# EXAMPLE 2: Dataset PISA mathematics (dichotomous items)
#############################################################################

data(data.pisaMath)
dat <- data.pisaMath$data
dat <- dat[, grep("M", colnames(dat) ) ]

# fit ISOP model
# Note that for this model many iterations are needed
#   to reach convergence for ADISOP
mod1 <- sirt::isop.dich( dat, maxit=4000)
summary(mod1)
}

#############################################################################
# EXAMPLE 3: Dataset Students (polytomous items)
#############################################################################

# Dataset students: scale cultural activities
library(CDM)
data(data.Students, package="CDM")
dat <- stats::na.omit( data.Students[, paste0("act",1:4) ] )

# fit models
mod1 <- sirt::isop.poly( dat )
summary(mod1)
plot(mod1)

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