Tries to coerce any reasonable kind of data to a spatial point pattern
(an object of class "ppp")
for use by the spatstat package).
as.ppp(X, ..., fatal=TRUE) # S3 method for ppp
as.ppp(X, ..., fatal=TRUE)
# S3 method for psp
as.ppp(X, ..., fatal=TRUE)
# S3 method for quad
as.ppp(X, ..., fatal=TRUE)
# S3 method for matrix
as.ppp(X, W=NULL, ..., fatal=TRUE)
# S3 method for data.frame
as.ppp(X, W=NULL, ..., fatal=TRUE)
# S3 method for default
as.ppp(X, W=NULL, ..., fatal=TRUE)
An object of class "ppp" (see ppp.object)
describing the point pattern and its window of observation.
The value NULL may also be returned; see Details.
Data which will be converted into a point pattern
Data which define a window for the pattern,
when X does not contain a window.
(Ignored if X contains window information.)
Ignored.
Logical value specifying what to do if the data cannot be converted. See Details.
Adrian Baddeley Adrian.Baddeley@curtin.edu.au, Rolf Turner rolfturner@posteo.net and Ege Rubak rubak@math.aau.dk
Converts the dataset X to a point pattern
(an object of class "ppp"; see ppp.object for
an overview).
This function is normally used to convert an existing point pattern
dataset, stored in another format, to the "ppp" format.
To create a new point pattern from raw data such as \(x,y\)
coordinates, it is normally easier to use the creator function
ppp.
The function as.ppp is generic, with methods for the
classes "ppp", "psp", "quad", "matrix",
"data.frame" and a default method.
The dataset X may be:
an object of class "ppp"
an object of class "psp"
a point pattern object created by the spatial library
an object of class "quad" representing a quadrature scheme
(see quad.object)
a matrix or data frame with at least two columns
a structure with entries x, y which are numeric vectors
of equal length
a numeric vector of length 2, interpreted as the coordinates of a single point.
In the last three cases, we need the second argument W
which is converted to a window object
by the function as.owin.
In the first four cases, W will be ignored.
If X is a line segment pattern (an object of class psp)
the point pattern returned consists of the endpoints of the segments.
If X is marked then the point pattern returned will also be
marked, the mark associated with a point being the mark of the segment
of which that point was an endpoint.
If X is a matrix or data frame, the first and second columns will
be interpreted as the \(x\) and \(y\) coordinates respectively.
Any additional columns will be interpreted as marks.
The argument fatal indicates what to do when
W is missing and X contains no
information about the window. If fatal=TRUE, a fatal error
will be generated; if fatal=FALSE, the
value NULL is returned.
In the spatial library, a point pattern is represented in either of the following formats:
(in spatial versions 1 to 6)
a structure with entries x, y
xl, xu, yl, yu
(in spatial version 7)
a structure with entries
x, y and area,
where area is a structure with entries
xl, xu, yl, yu
where x and y are vectors of equal length
giving the point coordinates, and xl, xu, yl,
yu are numbers giving the dimensions of a rectangular window.
Point pattern datasets can also be created by the function
ppp.
Methods for as.ppp exist for some other classes of data;
they are listed by methods(as.ppp).
ppp, ppp.object, as.owin,
owin.object.
Methods for as.ppp exist for some other classes of data;
they are listed by methods(as.ppp).
xy <- matrix(runif(40), ncol=2)
pp <- as.ppp(xy, c(0,1,0,1))
# Venables-Ripley format
# check for 'spatial' package
spatialpath <- system.file(package="spatial")
if(nchar(spatialpath) > 0) {
require(spatial)
towns <- ppinit("towns.dat")
pp <- as.ppp(towns) # converted to our format
detach(package:spatial)
}
xyzt <- matrix(runif(40), ncol=4)
Z <- as.ppp(xyzt, square(1))
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