Jest(X, ..., eps=NULL, r=NULL, breaks=NULL, correction=NULL)"ppp", or data
in any format acceptable to as.ppp().r.r. Not normally invoked by the user.
See Details section."fv", see fv.object,
which can be plotted directly using plot.fv.Essentially a data frame containing
kmFest for this point pattern,
containing three estimates of the empty space function $F(r)$
and an estimate of its hazard functionGest for this point pattern,
containing three estimates of the nearest neighbour distance distribution
function $G(r)$ and an estimate of its hazard functionGest)
and $F(r)$ is its empty space function (see Fest).For a completely random (uniform Poisson) point process, the $J$-function is identically equal to $1$. Deviations $J(r) < 1$ or $J(r) > 1$ typically indicate spatial clustering or spatial regularity, respectively. The $J$-function is one of the few characteristics that can be computed explicitly for a wide range of point processes. See Van Lieshout and Baddeley (1996), Baddeley et al (2000), Thonnes and Van Lieshout (1999) for further information.
An estimate of $J$ derived from a spatial point pattern dataset can be used in exploratory data analysis and formal inference about the pattern. The estimate of $J(r)$ is compared against the constant function $1$. Deviations $J(r) < 1$ or $J(r) > 1$ may suggest spatial clustering or spatial regularity, respectively.
This algorithm estimates the $J$-function
from the point pattern X. It assumes that X can be treated
as a realisation of a stationary (spatially homogeneous)
random spatial point process in the plane, observed through
a bounded window.
The window (which is specified in X as X$window)
may have arbitrary shape.
The argument X is interpreted as a point pattern object
(of class "ppp", see ppp.object) and can
be supplied in any of the formats recognised by
as.ppp().
The functions Fest and Gest are called to
compute estimates of $F(r)$ and $G(r)$ respectively.
These estimates are then combined by simply taking the ratio
$J(r) = (1-G(r))/(1-F(r))$.
In fact three different estimates are computed
using different edge corrections (Baddeley, 1998).
The Kaplan-Meier estimate (returned as km) is the ratio
J = (1-G)/(1-F) of the Kaplan-Meier estimates of
$1-F$ and $1-G$ computed by
Fest and Gest respectively.
The reduced-sample or border corrected estimate
(returned as rs) is
the same ratio J = (1-G)/(1-F)
of the border corrected estimates.
These estimators are slightly biased for $J$,
since they are ratios
of approximately unbiased estimators. The logarithm of the
Kaplan-Meier estimate is unbiased for $\log J$.
The uncorrected estimate (returned as un)
is the ratio J = (1-G)/(1-F)
of the uncorrected (``raw'') estimates of the survival functions
of $F$ and $G$,
which are the empirical distribution functions of the
empty space distances Fest(X,...)$raw
and of the nearest neighbour distances
Gest(X,...)$raw. The uncorrected estimates
of $F$ and $G$ are severely biased.
However the uncorrected estimate of $J$
is approximately unbiased (if the process is close to Poisson);
it is insensitive to edge effects, and should be used when
edge effects are severe (see Baddeley et al, 2000).
The algorithm for Fest
uses two discrete approximations which are controlled
by the parameter eps and by the spacing of values of r
respectively. See Fest for details.
First-time users are strongly advised not to specify these arguments.
Note that the value returned by Jest includes
the output of Fest and Gest
as attributes (see the last example below).
If the user is intending to compute the F,G and J
functions for the point pattern, it is only necessary to
call Jest.
Baddeley, A.J. and Gill, R.D. Kaplan-Meier estimators of interpoint distance distributions for spatial point processes. Annals of Statistics 25 (1997) 263--292.
Baddeley, A., Kerscher, M., Schladitz, K. and Scott, B.T. Estimating the J function without edge correction. Statistica Neerlandica 54 (2000) 315--328.
Borgefors, G. Distance transformations in digital images. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 34 (1986) 344--371.
Cressie, N.A.C. Statistics for spatial data. John Wiley and Sons, 1991.
Diggle, P.J. Statistical analysis of spatial point patterns. Academic Press, 1983.
Ripley, B.D. Statistical inference for spatial processes. Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Stoyan, D, Kendall, W.S. and Mecke, J. Stochastic geometry and its applications. 2nd edition. Springer Verlag, 1995.
Thonnes, E. and Van Lieshout, M.N.M, A comparative study on the power of Van Lieshout and Baddeley's J-function. Biometrical Journal 41 (1999) 721--734.
Van Lieshout, M.N.M. and Baddeley, A.J. A nonparametric measure of spatial interaction in point patterns. Statistica Neerlandica 50 (1996) 344--361.
Fest,
Gest,
Kest,
km.rs,
reduced.sample,
kaplan.meierdata(cells)
J <- Jest(cells, 0.01)
plot(J, main="cells data")
# values are far above J= 1, indicating regular pattern
data(redwood)
J <- Jest(redwood, 0.01)
plot(J, main="redwood data")
# values are below J= 1, indicating clustered patternRun the code above in your browser using DataLab