spdep (version 1.3-7)

autocov_dist: Distance-weighted autocovariate

Description

Calculates the autocovariate to be used in autonormal, autopoisson or autologistic regression. Three distance-weighting schemes are available.

Usage

autocov_dist(z, xy, nbs = 1, type = "inverse", zero.policy = NULL,
 style = "B", longlat=NULL)

Value

A numeric vector of autocovariate values

Arguments

z

the response variable

xy

a matrix of coordinates or a SpatialPoints, sf or sfc points object

nbs

neighbourhood radius; default is 1

type

the weighting scheme: "one" gives equal weight to all data points in the neighbourhood; "inverse" (the default) weights by inverse distance; "inverse.squared" weights by the square of "inverse"

zero.policy

default NULL, use global option value; if FALSE stop with error for any empty neighbour sets, if TRUE permit the weights list to be formed with zero-length weights vectors

style

default “B” (changed from “W” 2015-01-27); style can take values “W”, “B”, “C”, “U”, and “S”

longlat

TRUE if point coordinates are longitude-latitude decimal, in which case distances are measured in kilometers; if xy is a SpatialPoints object, the value is taken from the object itself

Author

Carsten F. Dormann and Roger Bivand

References

Augustin N.H., Mugglestone M.A. and Buckland S.T. (1996) An autologistic model for the spatial distribution of wildlife. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 339-347; Gumpertz M.L., Graham J.M. and Ristaino J.B. (1997) Autologistic model of spatial pattern of Phytophthora epidemic in bell pepper: effects of soil variables on disease presence. Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, 2, 131-156; Bardos, D.C., Guillera-Arroita, G. and Wintle, B.A. (2015) Valid auto-models for spatially autocorrelated occupancy and abundance data. arXiv, 1501.06529.

See Also

nb2listw

Examples

columbus <- st_read(system.file("shapes/columbus.gpkg", package="spData")[1], quiet=TRUE)
#xy <- cbind(columbus$X, columbus$Y)
xy <- st_coordinates(st_centroid(st_geometry(columbus),
 of_largest_polygon=TRUE))
ac1a <- autocov_dist(columbus$CRIME, xy, nbs=10, style="B",
 type="one")
acinva <- autocov_dist(columbus$CRIME, xy, nbs=10, style="B",
 type="inverse")
acinv2a <- autocov_dist(columbus$CRIME, xy, nbs=10, style="B",
 type="inverse.squared")
plot(ac1a ~ columbus$CRIME, pch=16, ylim=c(0,9000))
points(acinva ~ columbus$CRIME, pch=16, col="red")
points(acinv2a ~ columbus$CRIME, pch=16, col="blue")
legend("topleft", legend=c("one", "inverse", "inverse.squared"),
 col=c("black", "red", "blue"), bty="n", pch=16)
nb <- dnearneigh(xy, 0, 10)
lw <- nb2listw(nb, style="B")
ac1b <- lag(lw, columbus$CRIME)
all.equal(ac1b, ac1a)
nbd <- nbdists(nb, xy)
gl <- lapply(nbd, function(x) 1/x)
lw <- nb2listw(nb, glist=gl, style="B")
acinvb <- lag(lw, columbus$CRIME)
all.equal(acinvb, acinva)
gl2 <- lapply(nbd, function(x) 1/(x^2))
lw <- nb2listw(nb, glist=gl2, style="B")
acinv2b <- lag(lw, columbus$CRIME)
all.equal(acinv2b, acinv2a)
#xy <- SpatialPoints(xy)
#acinva <- autocov_dist(columbus$CRIME, xy, nbs=10, style="W",
# type="inverse")
#nb <- dnearneigh(xy, 0, 10)
#nbd <- nbdists(nb, xy)
#gl <- lapply(nbd, function(x) 1/x)
#lw <- nb2listw(nb, glist=gl)
#acinvb <- lag(lw, columbus$CRIME)
#all.equal(acinvb, acinva)
acinvc <- autocov_dist(columbus$CRIME, st_centroid(st_geometry(columbus),
 of_largest_polygon=TRUE), nbs=10, style="W", type="inverse")
all.equal(acinvc, acinva)