supernova

The goal of supernova is to create ANOVA tables in the format used by Judd, McClelland, and Ryan (2017, ISBN: 978-1138819832) in their introductory textbook, Data Analysis: A Model Comparison Approach to Regression, ANOVA, and Beyond (book website).* These tables include proportional reduction in error, a useful measure for teaching the underlying concepts of ANOVA and regression, and formatting to ease the transition between the book and R.

* Note: we are NOT affiliated with the authors or their institution.

In keeping with the approach in Judd, McClelland, and Ryan (2017), the ANOVA tables in this package are calculated using a model comparison approach that should be understandable given a beginner’s understanding of base R and the information from the book (so if you have these and don’t understand what is going on in the code, let us know because we are missing the mark!). Here is an explanation of how the tables are calculated for fully independent predictor variables (i.e. between-subjects designs):

The “Total” row is calculated by updating the model passed to an empty model. For example, lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars) is updated to lm(mpg ~ NULL, data = mtcars). From this empty model, the sum of squares and df can be calculated.
If there is at least one predictor in the model, the overall model row and the error row are calculated. In the vernacular of the book, the compact model is represented by the updated empty model from 1 above, and the augmented model is the original model passed to supernova(). From these models the SSE(A) is calculated by sum(resid(null_model) ^ 2), the SSR is calculated by SSE(C) - SSE(A), the PRE for the overall model is extracted from the fit (r.squared), the df for the error row is extracted from the lm() fit (df.residuals).
If there are more than one predictors, the single term deletions are computed using drop1(). For the model y ~ a * b (which expands to y ~ a + b + a:b, where a:b is the interaction of a and b), drop1() essentially creates three models each with one term removed: y ~ a + a:b, y ~ b + a:b, and y ~ a + b. These models are considered the compact models which do not include the tested terms a, b, and a:b, respectively. drop1() computes the SSR (Sum Sq) and SSE(C) (RSS) for each of these augmented and compact model pairs, and these values are used to compute the SSR and PRE for each.
Finally, the MS (SS / df), F (MSR / MSE), and p columns are calculated from already-computed values in the table.

Supported models

The following models are explicitly tested and supported by supernova(), for independent samples (between-subjects) data only. For these models, there is also support for datasets with missing or unbalanced data.

empty models: y ~ NULL
simple regression: y ~ a
multiple regression: y ~ a + b
interactive regression: y ~ a * b

Additionally, a subset of within-subjects designs are supported and explicitly tested. To accommodate these models supernova() can accept models fit via lmer() as in the Examples below. Only models like those included in those examples have been tested for within-subjects designs.

Anything not included above is not (yet) explicitly tested and may yield errors or incorrect statistics. This includes, but is not limited to

one-sample t-tests

Other features

In addition to the ANOVA table provided by supernova(), the supernova package provides some useful functions for teaching ANOVA and pairwise comparisons:

Generate models: Generate the models that were compared to create each row of an ANOVA table using generate_models(). This can be done for each of the different SS Types as described in Using Different SS Types below.

Pairwise comparisons: Test each categorical group in a model against the others using pairwise(). This function supports Tukey and Bonferroni corrections. See the Pairwise Comparisons section below.

Installing

You can install the released version of supernova from CRAN with:

install.packages("supernova")

Alternatively you can download the package directly from this repository using remotes:

library(remotes)
install_github("UCLATALL/supernova")

Examples

Here are some basic examples of the code and output for this package:

Between Subjects Models

A model with no predictors (null model)

supernova(lm(mpg ~ NULL, data = mtcars))
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: mpg ~ NULL
#> 
#>                                SS  df     MS   F PRE   p
#>  ----- --------------- | -------- --- ------ --- --- ---
#>  Model (error reduced) |      --- ---    --- --- --- ---
#>  Error (from model)    |      --- ---    --- --- --- ---
#>  ----- --------------- | -------- --- ------ --- --- ---
#>  Total (empty model)   | 1126.047  31 36.324

A regression model with a single predictor

supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp, data = mtcars))
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: mpg ~ hp
#> 
#>                                SS df      MS      F    PRE     p
#>  ----- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>  Model (error reduced) |  678.373  1 678.373 45.460 0.6024 .0000
#>  Error (from model)    |  447.674 30  14.922                    
#>  ----- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>  Total (empty model)   | 1126.047 31  36.324

A multiple regression model

supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp + disp, data = mtcars))
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: mpg ~ hp + disp
#> 
#>                                SS df      MS      F    PRE     p
#>  ----- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>  Model (error reduced) |  842.554  2 421.277 43.095 0.7482 .0000
#>     hp                 |   33.665  1  33.665  3.444 0.1061 .0737
#>   disp                 |  164.181  1 164.181 16.795 0.3667 .0003
#>  Error (from model)    |  283.493 29   9.776                    
#>  ----- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>  Total (empty model)   | 1126.047 31  36.324

A multiple regression with an interaction

supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars))
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: mpg ~ hp * disp
#> 
#>                                  SS df      MS      F    PRE     p
#>  ------- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>    Model (error reduced) |  923.189  3 307.730 42.475 0.8198 .0000
#>       hp                 |  113.393  1 113.393 15.651 0.3586 .0005
#>     disp                 |  188.449  1 188.449 26.011 0.4816 .0000
#>  hp:disp                 |   80.635  1  80.635 11.130 0.2844 .0024
#>    Error (from model)    |  202.858 28   7.245                    
#>  ------- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>    Total (empty model)   | 1126.047 31  36.324

Turn off the description column

supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars), verbose = FALSE)
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: mpg ~ hp * disp
#> 
#>                  SS df      MS      F    PRE     p
#>  ------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>  Model   |  923.189  3 307.730 42.475 0.8198 .0000
#>  hp      |  113.393  1 113.393 15.651 0.3586 .0005
#>  disp    |  188.449  1 188.449 26.011 0.4816 .0000
#>  hp:disp |   80.635  1  80.635 11.130 0.2844 .0024
#>  Error   |  202.858 28   7.245                    
#>  ------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>  Total   | 1126.047 31  36.324

Within Subjects Models

First let’s load up lme4 which gives us lmer(), the function we will use to fit within-subjects models. Additionally, install and load the JMRData package which has some short datasets with non-independent observations, and load dplyr and tidyr so that we can tidy the data.

# Run this line if you do not have the JMRData package
# remotes::install_github("UCLATALL/JMRData")

library(lme4)
library(tidyr)
library(dplyr)

simple_crossed <- JMRData::ex11.9 %>%
  gather(condition, puzzles_completed, -subject) %>%
  mutate_at(vars(subject, condition), as.factor) 

multiple_crossed <- JMRData::ex11.17 %>%
  gather(condition, recall, -Subject) %>%
  separate(condition, c("type", "time"), -1) %>%
  mutate(across(c(Subject, type, time), as.factor))

A one-way within-subjects design (crossed)

Fitting the simple_crossed data with lm() would ignore the non-independence due to observations coming from the same subject. Compare this output with the following output where the model was fit with lmer() and the specification of subject as a random factor:

simple_crossed %>% 
  lm(puzzles_completed ~ condition, data = .) %>% 
  supernova(verbose = FALSE)
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: puzzles_completed ~ condition
#> 
#>              SS df    MS     F    PRE     p
#>  ----- | ------ -- ----- ----- ------ -----
#>  Model |  2.250  1 2.250 1.518 0.0978 .2382
#>  Error | 20.750 14 1.482                   
#>  ----- | ------ -- ----- ----- ------ -----
#>  Total | 23.000 15 1.533

# use lmer() to specify the non-independence
simple_crossed %>% 
  lmer(puzzles_completed ~ condition + (1|subject), data = .) %>% 
  supernova()
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: puzzles_completed ~ condition + (1 | subject)
#> 
#>                               SS df    MS     F    PRE     p
#>  ---------------------- | ------ -- ----- ----- ------ -----
#>  Between Subjects       |                                   
#>  Total                  | 18.000  7 2.571                   
#>  ---------------------- | ------ -- ----- ----- ------ -----
#>  Within Subjects        |                                   
#>    condition            |  2.250  1 2.250 5.727 0.4500 .0479
#>  Error                  |  2.750  7 0.393                   
#>  Total                  |  5.000  8 0.625                   
#>  ---------------------- | ------ -- ----- ----- ------ -----
#>  Total                  | 23.000 15 1.533

A two-way within-subjects design (crossed)

Here is another example like the previous, but here multiple variables (time, type) and their interaction have been specified:

# fitting this with lm would ignore the non-independence due to Subject
multiple_crossed %>% 
  lm(recall ~ type * time, data = .) %>% 
  supernova(verbose = FALSE)
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: recall ~ type * time
#> 
#>                   SS df     MS     F    PRE     p
#>  --------- | ------- -- ------ ----- ------ -----
#>  Model     |  85.367  5 17.073 2.791 0.3677 .0400
#>  type      |  12.100  1 12.100 1.978 0.0761 .1724
#>  time      |  44.400  2 22.200 3.629 0.2322 .0420
#>  type:time |   1.867  2  0.933 0.153 0.0126 .8593
#>  Error     | 146.800 24  6.117                   
#>  --------- | ------- -- ------ ----- ------ -----
#>  Total     | 232.167 29  8.006

# using lmer() we can specify the non-independence
multiple_crossed %>% 
  lmer(recall ~ type * time + (1|Subject) + (1|type:Subject) + (1|time:Subject), data = .) %>% 
  supernova()
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: recall ~ type * time + (1 | Subject) + (1 | type:Subject) + (1 | time:Subject)
#> 
#>                                SS df     MS      F    PRE     p
#>  ---------------------- | ------- -- ------ ------ ------ -----
#>  Between Subjects       |                                      
#>  Total                  | 131.000  4 32.750                    
#>  ---------------------- | ------- -- ------ ------ ------ -----
#>  Within Subjects        |                                      
#>    type                 |  17.633  1 17.633 11.376 0.7399 .0280
#>      Error              |   6.200  4  1.550                    
#>    time                 |  65.867  2 32.933 29.939 0.8821 .0002
#>      Error              |   8.800  8  1.100                    
#>    type:time            |   1.867  2  0.933  9.333 0.7000 .0081
#>      Error              |   0.800  8  0.100                    
#>  Total                  | 101.167 25  4.047                    
#>  ---------------------- | ------- -- ------ ------ ------ -----
#>  Total                  | 232.167 29  8.006

A one-way between-groups design (nested)

In this example, each person in a group of three generates a rating. If we fit the data with lm() that would ignore the non-independence due to the people being in the same group. Compare this output with the following output where the group is specified as a random factor.

simple_nested <- JMRData::ex11.1 %>%
  gather(id, value, starts_with("score")) %>%
  mutate(across(c(group, instructions, id), as.factor))

# fitting this with lm would ignore the non-independence due to group
simple_nested %>% 
  lm(value ~ instructions, data = .) %>% 
  supernova(verbose = FALSE)
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: value ~ instructions
#> 
#>              SS df     MS      F    PRE     p
#>  ----- | ------ -- ------ ------ ------ -----
#>  Model | 12.500  1 12.500 12.500 0.4386 .0027
#>  Error | 16.000 16  1.000                    
#>  ----- | ------ -- ------ ------ ------ -----
#>  Total | 28.500 17  1.676

# using lmer() we can specify the non-independence
simple_nested %>% 
  lmer(value ~ instructions + (1|group), data = .) %>% 
  supernova()
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: value ~ instructions + (1 | group)
#> 
#>                               SS df     MS     F    PRE     p
#>  ---------------------- | ------ -- ------ ----- ------ -----
#>  Between Subjects       |                                    
#>    instructions         | 12.500  1 12.500 4.687 0.5396 .0963
#>  Error                  | 10.667  4  2.667                   
#>  Total                  | 23.167  5  4.633                   
#>  ---------------------- | ------ -- ------ ----- ------ -----
#>  Within Subjects        |                                    
#>  Total                  |  5.333 12  0.444                   
#>  ---------------------- | ------ -- ------ ----- ------ -----
#>  Total                  | 28.500 17  1.676

A three-way design with two between-groups variables and a nested variable

In this example, each person in heterosexual marriage generates a rating of satisfaction. Additionally, these couples were chosen such that they either have children or not, and have been married 15 vs. 30 years. If we fit the data with lm() that would ignore the non-independence due to the people being in the same couple. Compare this output with the following output where the group is specified as a random factor.

complex_nested <- JMRData::ex11.22 %>%
  gather(sex, rating, Male, Female) %>%
  mutate(across(c(couple, children, sex, yearsmarried), as.factor))

# fitting this with lm would ignore the non-independence due to group
complex_nested %>% 
  lm(rating ~ sex * yearsmarried * children, data = .) %>% 
  supernova(verbose = FALSE)
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: rating ~ sex * yearsmarried * children
#> 
#>                                  SS df    MS      F    PRE     p
#>  ------------------------- | ------ -- ----- ------ ------ -----
#>  Model                     | 26.500  7 3.786  5.345 0.6092 .0009
#>  sex                       |  0.000  1 0.000  0.000 0.0000 .0000
#>  yearsmarried              |  1.125  1 1.125  1.588 0.0621 .2197
#>  children                  |  2.000  1 2.000  2.824 0.1053 .1059
#>  sex:yearsmarried          |  2.250  1 2.250  3.176 0.1169 .0874
#>  sex:children              |  0.062  1 0.062  0.088 0.0037 .7690
#>  yearsmarried:children     |  7.563  1 7.563 10.676 0.3079 .0033
#>  sex:yearsmarried:children |  0.500  1 0.500  0.706 0.0286 .4091
#>  Error                     | 17.000 24 0.708                    
#>  ------------------------- | ------ -- ----- ------ ------ -----
#>  Total                     | 43.500 31 1.403

# using lmer() we can specify the non-independence
complex_nested %>% 
  lmer(rating ~ sex * yearsmarried * children + (1|couple), data = .) %>% 
  supernova()
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: rating ~ sex * yearsmarried * children + (1 | couple)
#> 
#>                                    SS df     MS     F    PRE     p
#>  --------------------------- | ------ -- ------ ----- ------ -----
#>  Between Subjects            |                                    
#>    yearsmarried              | 10.125  1 10.125 9.529 0.4426 .0094
#>    children                  |  0.500  1  0.500 0.471 0.0377 .5058
#>    yearsmarried:children     | 10.125  1 10.125 9.529 0.4426 .0094
#>  Error                       | 12.750 12  1.063                   
#>  Total                       | 33.500 15  2.233                   
#>  --------------------------- | ------ -- ------ ----- ------ -----
#>  Within Subjects             |                                    
#>    sex                       |  3.125  1  3.125 8.824 0.4237 .0117
#>    sex:yearsmarried          |  2.000  1  2.000 5.647 0.3200 .0350
#>    sex:children              |  0.125  1  0.125 0.353 0.0286 .5635
#>    sex:yearsmarried:children |  0.500  1  0.500 1.412 0.1053 .2577
#>  Error                       |  4.250 12  0.354                   
#>  Total                       | 10.000 16  0.625                   
#>  --------------------------- | ------ -- ------ ----- ------ -----
#>  Total                       | 43.500 31  1.403

Using Different SS Types

Type III: Orthogonal (default)

supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars))
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type III SS)
#>  Model: mpg ~ hp * disp
#> 
#>                                  SS df      MS      F    PRE     p
#>  ------- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>    Model (error reduced) |  923.189  3 307.730 42.475 0.8198 .0000
#>       hp                 |  113.393  1 113.393 15.651 0.3586 .0005
#>     disp                 |  188.449  1 188.449 26.011 0.4816 .0000
#>  hp:disp                 |   80.635  1  80.635 11.130 0.2844 .0024
#>    Error (from model)    |  202.858 28   7.245                    
#>  ------- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>    Total (empty model)   | 1126.047 31  36.324

These are equivalent to the above:

supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars), type = 3)
supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars), type = "III")
supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars), type = "orthogonal")

Type I: Sequential

supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars), type = 1)
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type I SS)
#>  Model: mpg ~ hp * disp
#> 
#>                                  SS df      MS      F    PRE     p
#>  ------- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>    Model (error reduced) |  923.189  3 307.730 42.475 0.8198 .0000
#>       hp                 |  678.373  1 678.373 93.634 0.7698 .0000
#>     disp                 |  164.181  1 164.181 22.661 0.4473 .0001
#>  hp:disp                 |   80.635  1  80.635 11.130 0.2844 .0024
#>    Error (from model)    |  202.858 28   7.245                    
#>  ------- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>    Total (empty model)   | 1126.047 31  36.324

These are equivalent to the above:

supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars), type = "I")
supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars), type = "sequential")

Type II: Hierarchical

supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars), type = 2)
#>  Analysis of Variance Table (Type II SS)
#>  Model: mpg ~ hp * disp
#> 
#>                                  SS df      MS      F    PRE     p
#>  ------- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>    Model (error reduced) |  923.189  3 307.730 42.475 0.8198 .0000
#>       hp                 |   33.665  1  33.665  4.647 0.1423 .0399
#>     disp                 |  164.181  1 164.181 22.661 0.4473 .0001
#>  hp:disp                 |   80.635  1  80.635 11.130 0.2844 .0024
#>    Error (from model)    |  202.858 28   7.245                    
#>  ------- --------------- | -------- -- ------- ------ ------ -----
#>    Total (empty model)   | 1126.047 31  36.324

These are equivalent to the above:

supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars), type = "II")
supernova(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars), type = "hierarchical")

Displaying which models were compared

This package is based on a model comparison approach to understanding regression and ANOVA. As such it is useful to know which models are being compared for any given term in an ANOVA table. The generate_models() function accepts a linear model and the desired type of SS and returns a list of the models that should be compared to appropriately evaluate each term in the full model.

generate_models(lm(mpg ~ hp * disp, data = mtcars), type = 2)
#> 
#> ── Comparison Models for Type III SS ───────────────────────────────────────────
#> 
#> ── Full Model
#> complex: mpg ~ hp + disp + hp:disp
#> simple:  mpg ~ NULL
#> 
#> ── hp
#> complex: mpg ~ hp + disp + hp:disp
#> simple:  mpg ~      disp + hp:disp
#> 
#> ── disp
#> complex: mpg ~ hp + disp + hp:disp
#> simple:  mpg ~ hp +        hp:disp
#> 
#> ── hp:disp
#> complex: mpg ~ hp + disp + hp:disp
#> simple:  mpg ~ hp + disp

Pairwise Comparisons

The pairwise() function takes a linear model and performs the requested pairwise comparisons on the categorical terms in the model. For simple one-way models where a single categorical variable predicts and outcome. You will get output similar to other methods of computing pairwise comparisons (e.g. TukeyHSD or t.test). Essentially, the differences on the outcome between each of the groups defined by the categorical variable are compared with the requested test, and their confidence intervals and p-values are adjusted by the requested correction.

However, when more than two variables are entered into the model, the outcome will diverge somewhat from other methods of computing pairwise comparisons. For traditional pairwise tests you need to estimate an error term, usually by pooling the standard deviation of the groups being compared. This means that when you have other predictors in the model, their presence is ignored when running these tests. For the functions in this package, we instead compute the pooled standard error by using the mean squared error (MSE) from the full model fit.

Let’s take a concrete example to explain that. If we are predicting Thumb length from Sex, we can create that linear model and get the pairwise comparisons like this:

pairwise(lm(Thumb ~ Sex, data = supernova::Fingers))
#> 
#> ── Tukey's Honestly Significant Differences ────────────────────────────────────
#> Model: Thumb ~ Sex
#> Sex
#> Levels: 2
#> Family-wise error-rate: 0.05
#> 
#>   group_1 group_2  diff pooled_se     q    df lower upper p_adj
#>   <chr>   <chr>   <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 male    female  6.447     1.029 6.262   155 3.571 9.323 .0000

The output of this code will have one table showing the comparison of males and females on thumb length. The pooled standard error is the same as the square root of the MSE from the full model.

By default, Tukey’s HSD is used to correct for multiple comparisons. However, you can specify “none” for t-tests or “Bonferroni” for t-tests with Bonferroni corrections.

pairwise(lm(Thumb ~ Sex, data = supernova::Fingers), correction = "none")
#> 
#> ── Pairwise t-tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Model: Thumb ~ Sex
#> Sex
#> Levels: 2
#> Family-wise error-rate: 0.05
#> 
#>   group_1 group_2  diff pooled_se     t    df lower upper p_val
#>   <chr>   <chr>   <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 male    female  6.447     1.029 6.262   155 4.743 8.150 .0000
pairwise(lm(Thumb ~ Sex, data = supernova::Fingers), correction = "Bonferroni")
#> 
#> ── Pairwise t-tests with Bonferroni correction ─────────────────────────────────
#> Model: Thumb ~ Sex
#> Sex
#> Levels: 2
#> Family-wise error-rate: 0.05
#> 
#>   group_1 group_2  diff pooled_se     t    df lower upper p_adj
#>   <chr>   <chr>   <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 male    female  6.447     1.029 6.262   155 4.743 8.150 .0000

In these data the Sex variable did not have any other values than male and female, but we can imagine situations where the data had other values like other or more refined responses. In these cases, the pooled SD would be calculated by taking the MSE of the full model (not of each group) and then weighting it based on the size of the groups in question (divide by n).

To improve our model, we might add Height as quantitative predictor:

pairwise(lm(Thumb ~ Sex + Height, data = supernova::Fingers))
#> 
#> ── Tukey's Honestly Significant Differences ────────────────────────────────────
#> Model: Thumb ~ Sex + Height
#> Sex
#> Levels: 2
#> Family-wise error-rate: 0.05
#> 
#>   group_1 group_2  diff pooled_se     q    df lower upper p_adj
#>   <chr>   <chr>   <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 male    female  6.447     1.001 6.438   154 3.649 9.245 .0000

Note that the output still only has a table for Sex. This is because we can’t do a pairwise comparison using Height because there are no groups to compare. Most functions will drop or not let you use this variable during pairwise comparisons. Instead, pairwise() uses the same approach as in the 3+ groups situation: we use the MSE for the full model and then weight it by the size of the groups being compared. Because we are using the MSE for the full model, the effect of Height is accounted for in the error term even though we are not explicitly comparing different heights. Importantly, the interpretation of the outcome is different than in other traditional t-tests. Instead of saying, “there is a difference in thumb length based on the value of sex,” we must add that this difference is found “after accounting for height.”

Finally, the output can be plotted either by using plot() on the returned object, or specifying plot = TRUE:

output <- pairwise(lm(Thumb ~ Sex + Height, data = supernova::Fingers))
plot(output)

# alternatively
# pairwise(lm(Thumb ~ Sex + Height, data = supernova::Fingers), plot = TRUE)

Contributing

If you see an issue, problem, or improvement that you think we should know about, or you think would fit with this package, please let us know on our issues page. Alternatively, if you are up for a little coding of your own, submit a pull request:

Fork it!
Create your feature branch: git checkout -b my-new-feature
Commit your changes: git commit -am 'Add some feature'
Push to the branch: git push origin my-new-feature
Submit a pull request :D

supernova

Supported models

Other features

Installing

Examples

Between Subjects Models

A model with no predictors (null model)

A regression model with a single predictor

A multiple regression model

A multiple regression with an interaction

Turn off the description column

Within Subjects Models

A one-way within-subjects design (crossed)

A two-way within-subjects design (crossed)

A one-way between-groups design (nested)

A three-way design with two between-groups variables and a nested variable

Using Different SS Types

Type III: Orthogonal (default)

Type I: Sequential

Type II: Hierarchical

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Functions in supernova (2.5.1)