survival (version 2.11-4)

pyears: Person Years

Description

This function computes the person-years of follow-up time contributed by a cohort of subjects, stratified into subgroups. It also computes the number of subjects who contribute to each cell of the output table, and optionally the number of events and/or expected number of events in each cell.

Usage

pyears(formula, data, weights, subset, na.action, ratetable=survexp.us,
scale=365.25, expect=c('event', 'pyears'), model=FALSE, x=FALSE, y=FALSE)

Arguments

formula

a formula object. The response variable will be a vector of follow-up times for each subject, or a Surv object containing the follow-up time and an event indicator. The predictors consist of optional grouping variables separated by + operato

data

a data frame in which to interpret the variables named in the formula, or in the subset and the weights argument.

weights

case weights.

subset

expression saying that only a subset of the rows of the data should be used in the fit.

na.action

a missing-data filter function, applied to the model.frame, after any subset argument has been used. Default is options()$na.action.

ratetable

a table of event rates, such as survexp.uswhite.

scale

a scaling for the results. As most rate tables are in units/day, the default value of 365.25 causes the output to be reported in years.

expect

should the output table include the expected number of events, or the expected number of person-years of observation. This is only valid with a rate table.

model,x,y

If any of these is true, then the model frame, the model matrix, and/or the vector of response times will be returned as components of the final result.

Value

• a list with components
• pyears
  an array containing the person-years of exposure. (Or other units, depending on the rate table and the scale).
• n
  an array containing the number of subjects who contribute time to each cell of the pyears array.
• event
  an array containing the observed number of events. This will be present only if the response variable is a Surv object.
• expected
  an array containing the expected number of events (or person years). This will be present only if there was a ratetable term.
• offtable
  the number of person-years of exposure in the cohort that was not part of any cell in the pyears array. This is often useful as an error check; if there is a mismatch of units between two variables, nearly all the person years may be off table.
• summary
  a summary of the rate-table matching. This is also useful as an error check.
• call
  an image of the call to the function.
• na.action
  the na.action attribute contributed by an na.action routine, if any.

Details

Because pyears may have several time variables, it is necessary that all of them be in the same units. For instance, in the call py <- pyears(futime ~ rx + ratetable(age=age, sex=sex, year=entry.dt)) with a ratetable whose natural unit is days, it is important that futime, age and entry.dt all be in days. Given the wide range of possible inputs, it is difficult for the routine to do sanity checks of this aspect.

A special function tcut is needed to specify time-dependent cutpoints. For instance, assume that age is in years, and that the desired final arrays have as one of their margins the age groups 0-2, 2-10, 10-25, and 25+. A subject who enters the study at age 4 and remains under observation for 10 years will contribute follow-up time to both the 2-10 and 10-25 subsets. If cut(age, c(0,2,10,25,100)) were used in the formula, the subject would be classified according to his starting age only. The tcut function has the same arguments as cut, but produces a different output object which allows the pyears function to correctly track the subject.

The results of pyears are normally used as input to further calculations. The example below is from a study of hip fracture rates from 1930 - 1990 in Rochester, Minnesota. Survival post hip fracture has increased over that time, but so has the survival of elderly subjects in the population at large. A model of relative survival helps to clarify what has happened: Poisson regression is used, but replacing exposure time with expected exposure (for an age and sex matched control). Death rates change with age, of course, so the result is carved into 1 year increments of time. Males and females were done separately.

See Also

ratetable, survexp, Surv

Examples

data(ratetables)
# 
# Simple case: a single male subject, born 6/6/36 and entered on study 6/6/55.
#

temp1 <- mdy.date(6,6,36)
temp2 <- mdy.date(6,6,55)
# Now compare the results from person-years
#
temp.age <- tcut(temp2-temp1, floor(c(-1, (18:31 * 365.24))),
        labels=c('0-18', paste(18:30, 19:31, sep='-')))
temp.yr  <- tcut(temp2, mdy.date(1,1,1954:1965), labels=1954:1964)
temp.time <- 3700   #total days of fu
py1 <- pyears(temp.time ~ temp.age + temp.yr, scale=1) #output in days
data(ratetables)
survexp.uswhite<-survexp.usr[,,"white",]
py2 <- pyears(temp.time ~ temp.age + temp.yr
		+ ratetable(age=temp2-temp1, year=temp2, sex=1),
	     scale=1, ratetable=survexp.uswhite ) #output in days