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invgaussMLE: Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation of an Inverse Gaussian Model with Possibly Censored Data

Description

Estimate inverse Gaussian model parameters by the maximum likelihood method using possibly censored data. Two different parameterizations of the inverse Gaussian distribution can be used.

Usage

invgaussMLE(yi, ni = numeric(length(yi)) + 1, si = numeric(length(yi)) + 1, parameterization = "sigma2")

Arguments

yi
vector of (possibly binned) observations or a spikeTrain object.
ni
vector of counts for each value of yi; default: numeric(length(yi))+1.
si
vector of counts of uncensored observations for each value of yi; default: numeric(length(yi))+1.
parameterization
parameterization used, "sigma2" (default) of "boundary".

Value

A list of class durationFit with the following components:
estimate
the estimated parameters, a named vector.
se
the standard errors, a named vector.
logLik
the log likelihood at maximum.
r
a function returning the log of the relative likelihood function.
mll
a function returning the opposite of the log likelihood function using the log of the parameters.
call
the matched call.

Details

The 2 different parameterizations of the inverse Gaussian distribution are discussed in the manual of dinvgauss.

In the absence of censored data the ML estimates are available in closed form (Lindsey, 2004, p 212) together with the Hessian matrix at the MLE. In presence of censored data an initial guess for the parameters is obtained using the uncensored data before maximizing the likelihood function to the full data set using optim with the BFGS method. ML estimation is always performed with the "sigma2" parameterization. Parameters and variance-covariance matrix are transformed at the end if the "boundary" parameterization is requested.

In order to ensure good behavior of the numerical optimization routines, optimization is performed on the log of the parameters (mu and sigma2).

Standard errors are obtained from the inverse of the observed information matrix at the MLE. They are transformed to go from the log scale used by the optimization routine, when the latter is used (ie, for censored data) to the parameterization requested.

References

Lindsey, J.K. (2004) Introduction to Applied Statistics: A Modelling Approach. OUP.

See Also

dinvgauss,lnormMLE,gammaMLE,weibullMLE,llogisMLE,rexpMLE.

Examples

Run this code
## Simulate sample of size 100 from an inverse Gaussian
## distribution
set.seed(1102006,"Mersenne-Twister")
sampleSize <- 100
mu.true <- 0.075 
sigma2.true <- 3
sampleSize <- 100
sampIG <- rinvgauss(sampleSize,mu=mu.true,sigma2=sigma2.true)
## Make a maximum likelihood fit
sampIGmleIG <- invgaussMLE(sampIG)
## Compare estimates with actual values
rbind(est = coef(sampIGmleIG),se = sampIGmleIG$se,true = c(mu.true,sigma2.true))
## In the absence of censoring the MLE of the inverse Gaussian is available in a
## closed form together with its variance (ie, the observed information matrix)
## we can check that we did not screw up at that stage by comparing the observed
## information matrix obtained numerically with the analytical one. To do that we
## use the MINUS log likelihood function returned by invgaussMLE to get a numerical
## estimate
detailedFit <- optim(par=as.vector(log(sampIGmleIG$estimate)),
                     fn=sampIGmleIG$mll,
                     method="BFGS",
                     hessian=TRUE)
## We should not forget that the "mll" function uses the log of the parameters while
## the "se" component of sampIGmleIG list is expressed on the linear scale we must therefore
## transform one into the other as follows (Kalbfleisch, 1985, p71):
## if x = exp(u) and y = exp(v) and if we have the information matrix in term of
## u and v (that's the hessian component of list detailedFit above), we create matrix:
##      du/dx du/dy
## Q =
##      dv/dx dv/dy
## and we get I in term of x and y by the following matrix product:
## I(x,y) <- t(Q) %*% I(u,v) %*% Q
## In the present case:
##  du/dx = 1/exp(u), du/dy = 0, dv/dx = 0, dv/dy = 1/exp(v)
## Therefore:
Q <- diag(1/exp(detailedFit$par))
numericalI <- t(Q) %*% detailedFit$hessian %*% Q
seComp <- rbind(sampIGmleIG$se, sqrt(diag(solve(numericalI))))
colnames(seComp) <- c("mu","sigma2")
rownames(seComp) <- c("analytical", "numerical")
seComp
## We can check the relative differences between the 2
apply(seComp,2,function(x) abs(diff(x))/x[1])

## Not run: 
# ## Estimate the log relative likelihood on a grid to plot contours
# Mu <- seq(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1]-4*sampIGmleIG$se[1],
#           coef(sampIGmleIG)[1]+4*sampIGmleIG$se[1],
#           sampIGmleIG$se[1]/10)
# Sigma2 <- seq(coef(sampIGmleIG)[2]-4*sampIGmleIG$se[2],
#               coef(sampIGmleIG)[2]+4*sampIGmleIG$se[2],
#               sampIGmleIG$se[2]/10)
# sampIGmleIGcontour <- sapply(Mu, function(mu) sapply(Sigma2, function(s2) sampIGmleIG$r(mu,s2)))
# ## plot contours using a linear scale for the parameters
# ## draw four contours corresponding to the following likelihood ratios:
# ##  0.5, 0.1, Chi2 with 2 df and p values of 0.95 and 0.99
# X11(width=12,height=6)
# layout(matrix(1:2,ncol=2))
# contour(Mu,Sigma2,t(sampIGmleIGcontour),
#         levels=c(log(c(0.5,0.1)),-0.5*qchisq(c(0.95,0.99),df=2)),
#         labels=c("log(0.5)",
#           "log(0.1)",
#           "-1/2*P(Chi2=0.95)",
#           "-1/2*P(Chi2=0.99)"),
#         xlab=expression(mu),ylab=expression(sigma^2),
#         main="Log Relative Likelihood Contours"
#         )
# points(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1],coef(sampIGmleIG)[2],pch=3)
# points(mu.true,sigma2.true,pch=16,col=2)
# ## The contours are not really symmetrical about the MLE we can try to
# ## replot them using a log scale for the parameters to see if that improves
# ## the situation
# contour(log(Mu),log(Sigma2),t(sampIGmleIGcontour),
#         levels=c(log(c(0.5,0.1)),-0.5*qchisq(c(0.95,0.99),df=2)),
#         labels="",
#         xlab=expression(log(mu)),ylab=expression(log(sigma^2)),
#         main="Log Relative Likelihood Contours",
#         sub="log scale for the parameters")
# points(log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1]),log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[2]),pch=3)
# points(log(mu.true),log(sigma2.true),pch=16,col=2)
# 
# ## Even with the log scale the contours are not ellipsoidal, so let us compute profiles
# ## For that we are going to use the returned MINUS log likelihood function
# logMuProfFct <- function(logMu,...) {
#   myOpt <- optimise(function(x) sampIGmleIG$mll(c(logMu,x))+logLik(sampIGmleIG),...)
#   as.vector(unlist(myOpt[c("objective","minimum")]))
# }
# logMuProfCI <- function(logMu,
#                         CI,
#                         a=logS2Seq[1],
#                         b=logS2Seq[length(logS2Seq)]) logMuProfFct(logMu,c(a,b))[1] - qchisq(CI,1)/2
# 
# logS2ProfFct <- function(logS2,...) {
#   myOpt <- optimise(function(x) sampIGmleIG$mll(c(x,logS2))+logLik(sampIGmleIG),...)
#   as.vector(unlist(myOpt[c("objective","minimum")]))
# }
# logS2ProfCI <- function(logS2, CI,
#                         a=logMuSeq[1],
#                         b=logMuSeq[length(logMuSeq)]) logS2ProfFct(logS2,c(a,b))[1] - qchisq(CI,1)/2
# 
# 
# ## We compute profiles (on the log scale) eploxing +/- 3 times
# ## the se about the MLE
# logMuSE <- sqrt(diag(solve(detailedFit$hessian)))[1]
# logMuSeq <- seq(log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1])-3*logMuSE,
#                 log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1])+3*logMuSE,
#                 logMuSE/10)
# logS2SE <- sqrt(diag(solve(detailedFit$hessian)))[2]
# logS2Seq <- seq(log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[2])-3*logS2SE,
#                 log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[2])+3*logS2SE,
#                 logS2SE/10)
# logMuProf <- sapply(logMuSeq,logMuProfFct,
#                     lower=logS2Seq[1],
#                     upper=logS2Seq[length(logS2Seq)])
# ## Get 95
# logMuCI95 <- c(uniroot(logMuProfCI,
#                        interval=c(logMuSeq[1],log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1])),
#                        CI=0.95)$root,
#                uniroot(logMuProfCI,
#                        interval=c(log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1]),logMuSeq[length(logMuSeq)]),
#                        CI=0.95)$root
#                )
# logMuCI99 <- c(uniroot(logMuProfCI,
#                        interval=c(logMuSeq[1],log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1])),
#                        CI=0.99)$root,
#                uniroot(logMuProfCI,
#                        interval=c(log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1]),logMuSeq[length(logMuSeq)]),
#                        CI=0.99)$root
#                )
# 
# logS2Prof <- sapply(logS2Seq,logS2ProfFct,
#                     lower=logMuSeq[1],
#                     upper=logMuSeq[length(logMuSeq)])
# ## Get 95
# logS2CI95 <- c(uniroot(logS2ProfCI,
#                        interval=c(logS2Seq[1],log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[2])),
#                        CI=0.95)$root,
#                uniroot(logS2ProfCI,
#                        interval=c(log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[2]),logS2Seq[length(logS2Seq)]),
#                        CI=0.95)$root
#                )
# logS2CI99 <- c(uniroot(logS2ProfCI,
#                        interval=c(logS2Seq[1],log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[2])),
#                        CI=0.99)$root,
#                uniroot(logS2ProfCI,
#                        interval=c(log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[2]),logS2Seq[length(logS2Seq)]),
#                        CI=0.99)$root
#                )
# 
# 
# ## Add profiles to the previous plot
# lines(logMuSeq,logMuProf[2,],col=2,lty=2)
# lines(logS2Prof[2,],logS2Seq,col=2,lty=2)
# 
# ## We can now check the deviations of the (profiled) deviances
# ## from the asymptotic parabolic curves
# X11()
# layout(matrix(1:4,nrow=2))
# oldpar <- par(mar=c(4,4,2,1))
# logMuSeqOffset <- logMuSeq-log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1])
# logMuVar <- diag(solve(detailedFit$hessian))[1]
# plot(logMuSeq,2*logMuProf[1,],type="l",xlab=expression(log(mu)),ylab="Deviance")
# lines(logMuSeq,logMuSeqOffset^2/logMuVar,col=2)
# points(log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1]),0,pch=3)
# abline(h=0)
# abline(h=qchisq(0.95,1),lty=2)
# abline(h=qchisq(0.99,1),lty=2)
# lines(rep(logMuCI95[1],2),c(0,qchisq(0.95,1)),lty=2)
# lines(rep(logMuCI95[2],2),c(0,qchisq(0.95,1)),lty=2)
# lines(rep(logMuCI99[1],2),c(0,qchisq(0.99,1)),lty=2)
# lines(rep(logMuCI99[2],2),c(0,qchisq(0.99,1)),lty=2)
# ## We can also "linearize" this last graph
# plot(logMuSeq,
#      sqrt(2*logMuProf[1,])*sign(logMuSeqOffset),
#      type="l",
#      xlab=expression(log(mu)),
#      ylab=expression(paste("signed ",sqrt(Deviance)))
#      )
# lines(logMuSeq,
#       sqrt(logMuSeqOffset^2/logMuVar)*sign(logMuSeqOffset),
#       col=2)
# points(log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[1]),0,pch=3)
# 
# logS2SeqOffset <- logS2Seq-log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[2])
# logS2Var <- diag(solve(detailedFit$hessian))[2]
# plot(logS2Seq,2*logS2Prof[1,],type="l",xlab=expression(log(sigma^2)),ylab="Deviance")
# lines(logS2Seq,logS2SeqOffset^2/logS2Var,col=2)
# points(log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[2]),0,pch=3)
# abline(h=0)
# abline(h=qchisq(0.95,1),lty=2)
# abline(h=qchisq(0.99,1),lty=2)
# lines(rep(logS2CI95[1],2),c(0,qchisq(0.95,1)),lty=2)
# lines(rep(logS2CI95[2],2),c(0,qchisq(0.95,1)),lty=2)
# lines(rep(logS2CI99[1],2),c(0,qchisq(0.99,1)),lty=2)
# lines(rep(logS2CI99[2],2),c(0,qchisq(0.99,1)),lty=2)
# ## We can also "linearize" this last graph
# plot(logS2Seq,
#      sqrt(2*logS2Prof[1,])*sign(logS2SeqOffset),
#      type="l",
#      xlab=expression(log(sigma^2)),
#      ylab=expression(paste("signed ",sqrt(Deviance)))
#      )
# lines(logS2Seq,
#       sqrt(logS2SeqOffset^2/logS2Var)*sign(logS2SeqOffset),
#       col=2)
# points(log(coef(sampIGmleIG)[2]),0,pch=3)
# par(oldpar)
# 
# ## make a parametric boostrap to check the distribution of the deviance
# nbReplicate <- 1000 #10000
# sampleSize <- 100
# system.time(
# devianceIG100 <- lapply(1:nbReplicate,
#                         function(idx) {
#                           if ((idx 
#                           sampIG <- rinvgauss(sampleSize,mu=mu.true,sigma2=sigma2.true)
#                           sampIGmleIG <- invgaussMLE(sampIG)
#                           Deviance <- -2*sampIGmleIG$r(mu.true,sigma2.true)
#                           logPara <- log(coef(sampIGmleIG))
#                           logParaSE <- sampIGmleIG$se/coef(sampIGmleIG)
#                           intervalMu <- function(n) c(-n,n)*logParaSE[1]+logPara[1]
#                           intervalS2 <- function(n) c(-n,n)*logParaSE[2]+logPara[2]
#                           logMuProfFct <- function(logMu,...) {
#                             optimise(function(x)
#                                      sampIGmleIG$mll(c(logMu,x))+logLik(sampIGmleIG),...)$objective
#                           }
#                           logMuProfCI <- function(logMu,
#                                                   CI,
#                                                   a=intervalS2(4)[1],
#                                                   b=intervalS2(4)[2])
#                             logMuProfFct(logMu,c(a,b)) - qchisq(CI,1)/2
#                           
#                           logS2ProfFct <- function(logS2,...) {
#                             optimise(function(x)
#                                      sampIGmleIG$mll(c(x,logS2))+logLik(sampIGmleIG),...)$objective
#                           }
#                           logS2ProfCI <- function(logS2, CI,
#                                                   a=intervalMu(4)[1],
#                                                   b=intervalMu(4)[2])
#                             logS2ProfFct(logS2,c(a,b)) - qchisq(CI,1)/2
#                           
#                           factor <- 4
#                           while((logMuProfCI(intervalMu(factor)[2],0.99) *
#                                  logMuProfCI(logPara[1],0.99) >= 0) ||
#                                 (logMuProfCI(intervalMu(factor)[1],0.99) *
#                                  logMuProfCI(logPara[1],0.99) >= 0)
#                                 ) factor <- factor+1
#                           ##browser()
#                           logMuCI95 <- c(uniroot(logMuProfCI,
#                                                  interval=c(intervalMu(factor)[1],logPara[1]),
#                                                  CI=0.95)$root,
#                                          uniroot(logMuProfCI,
#                                                  interval=c(logPara[1],intervalMu(factor)[2]),
#                                                  CI=0.95)$root
#                                          )
#                           logMuCI99 <- c(uniroot(logMuProfCI,
#                                                  interval=c(intervalMu(factor)[1],logPara[1]),
#                                                  CI=0.99)$root,
#                                          uniroot(logMuProfCI,
#                                                  interval=c(logPara[1],intervalMu(factor)[2]),
#                                                  CI=0.99)$root
#                                          )
#                           factor <- 4
#                           while((logS2ProfCI(intervalS2(factor)[2],0.99) *
#                                  logS2ProfCI(logPara[2],0.99) >= 0) ||
#                                 (logS2ProfCI(intervalS2(factor)[1],0.99) *
#                                  logS2ProfCI(logPara[2],0.99) >= 0)
#                                 ) factor <- factor+1
#                           logS2CI95 <- c(uniroot(logS2ProfCI,
#                                                  interval=c(intervalS2(factor)[1],logPara[2]),
#                                                  CI=0.95)$root,
#                                          uniroot(logS2ProfCI,
#                                                     interval=c(logPara[2],intervalS2(factor)[2]),
#                                                  CI=0.95)$root
#                                          )
#                           logS2CI99 <- c(uniroot(logS2ProfCI,
#                                                  interval=c(intervalS2(factor)[1],logPara[2]),
#                                                  CI=0.99)$root,
#                                          uniroot(logS2ProfCI,
#                                                  interval=c(logPara[2],intervalS2(factor)[2]),
#                                                  CI=0.99)$root
#                                          )
#                           list(deviance=Deviance,
#                                logMuCI95=logMuCI95,
#                                logMuNorm95=qnorm(c(0.025,0.975),logPara[1],logParaSE[1]),
#                                logMuCI99=logMuCI99,
#                                logMuNorm99=qnorm(c(0.005,0.995),logPara[1],logParaSE[1]),
#                                logS2CI95=logS2CI95,
#                                logS2Norm95=qnorm(c(0.025,0.975),logPara[2],logParaSE[2]),
#                                logS2CI99=logS2CI99,
#                                logS2Norm99=qnorm(c(0.005,0.995),logPara[2],logParaSE[2]))
#                         }
#                         )
#             )[3]
# ## Find out how many times the true parameters was within the computed CIs
# nLogMuCI95 <- sum(sapply(devianceIG100,
#                          function(l) l$logMuCI95[1] <= log(mu.true)  &&
#                          log(mu.true)<= l$logMuCI95[2]
#                          )
#                   )
# nLogMuNorm95 <- sum(sapply(devianceIG100,
#                            function(l) l$logMuNorm95[1] <= log(mu.true)  &&
#                            log(mu.true)<= l$logMuNorm95[2]
#                            )
#                     )
# nLogMuCI99 <- sum(sapply(devianceIG100,
#                          function(l) l$logMuCI99[1] <= log(mu.true)  &&
#                          log(mu.true)<= l$logMuCI99[2]
#                          )
#                   )
# nLogMuNorm99 <- sum(sapply(devianceIG100,
#                            function(l) l$logMuNorm99[1] <= log(mu.true)  &&
#                            log(mu.true)<= l$logMuNorm99[2]
#                            )
#                     )
# ## Check if these counts are compatible with the nominal CIs
# c(prof95Mu=nLogMuCI95,norm95Mu=nLogMuNorm95)
# qbinom(c(0.005,0.995),nbReplicate,0.95)
# c(prof95Mu=nLogMuCI99,norm95Mu=nLogMuNorm99)
# qbinom(c(0.005,0.995),nbReplicate,0.99)
# 
# nLogS2CI95 <- sum(sapply(devianceIG100,
#                          function(l) l$logS2CI95[1] <= log(sigma2.true)  &&
#                          log(sigma2.true)<= l$logS2CI95[2]
#                          )
#                   )
# nLogS2Norm95 <- sum(sapply(devianceIG100,
#                            function(l) l$logS2Norm95[1] <= log(sigma2.true)  &&
#                            log(sigma2.true)<= l$logS2Norm95[2]
#                            )
#                     )
# nLogS2CI99 <- sum(sapply(devianceIG100,
#                          function(l) l$logS2CI99[1] <= log(sigma2.true)  &&
#                          log(sigma2.true)<= l$logS2CI99[2]
#                          )
#                   )
# nLogS2Norm99 <- sum(sapply(devianceIG100,
#                            function(l) l$logS2Norm99[1] <= log(sigma2.true)  &&
#                            log(sigma2.true)<= l$logS2Norm99[2]
#                            )
#                     )
# ## Check if these counts are compatible with the nominal CIs
# c(prof95S2=nLogS2CI95,norm95S2=nLogS2Norm95)
# qbinom(c(0.005,0.995),nbReplicate,0.95)
# c(prof95S2=nLogS2CI99,norm95S2=nLogS2Norm99)
# qbinom(c(0.005,0.995),nbReplicate,0.99)
# 
# 
# ## Get 95 and 99% confidence intervals for the QQ plot
# ci <- sapply(1:nbReplicate,
#                  function(idx) qchisq(qbeta(c(0.005,0.025,0.975,0.995),
#                                             idx,
#                                             nbReplicate-idx+1),
#                                       df=2)
#              )
# ## make QQ plot
# X <- qchisq(ppoints(nbReplicate),df=2)
# Y <- sort(sapply(devianceIG100,function(l) l$deviance))
# X11()
# plot(X,Y,type="n",
#      xlab=expression(paste(chi[2]^2," quantiles")),
#      ylab="MC quantiles",
#      main="Deviance with true parameters after ML fit of IG data",
#      sub=paste("sample size:", sampleSize,"MC replicates:", nbReplicate)
#      )
# abline(a=0,b=1)
# lines(X,ci[1,],lty=2)
# lines(X,ci[2,],lty=2)
# lines(X,ci[3,],lty=2)
# lines(X,ci[4,],lty=2)
# lines(X,Y,col=2)
# ## End(Not run)

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