ape (version 4.0)

read.dna: Read DNA Sequences in a File

Description

These functions read DNA sequences in a file, and returns a matrix or a list of DNA sequences with the names of the taxa read in the file as rownames or names, respectively. By default, the sequences are stored in binary format, otherwise (if as.character = TRUE) in lower case.

Usage

read.dna(file, format = "interleaved", skip = 0, nlines = 0, comment.char = "#", as.character = FALSE, as.matrix = NULL)
read.FASTA(file)

Arguments

file

a file name specified by either a variable of mode character, or a double-quoted string.

format

a character string specifying the format of the DNA sequences. Four choices are possible: "interleaved", "sequential", "clustal", or "fasta", or any unambiguous abbreviation of these.

skip

the number of lines of the input file to skip before beginning to read data (ignored for FASTA files; see below).

nlines

the number of lines to be read (by default the file is read untill its end; ignored for FASTA files)).

comment.char

a single character, the remaining of the line after this character is ignored (ignored for FASTA files).

as.character

a logical controlling whether to return the sequences as an object of class "DNAbin" (the default).

as.matrix

(used if format = "fasta") one of the three followings: (i) NULL: returns the sequences in a matrix if they are of the same length, otherwise in a list; (ii) TRUE: returns the sequences in a matrix, or stops with an error if they are of different lengths; (iii) FALSE: always returns the sequences in a list.

Value

a matrix or a list (if format = "fasta") of DNA sequences stored in binary format, or of mode character (if as.character = "TRUE").read.FASTA always returns a list of class "DNAbin".

Details

read.dna follows the interleaved and sequential formats defined in PHYLIP (Felsenstein, 1993) but with the original feature than there is no restriction on the lengths of the taxa names. For these two formats, the first line of the file must contain the dimensions of the data (the numbers of taxa and the numbers of nucleotides); the sequences are considered as aligned and thus must be of the same lengths for all taxa. For the FASTA format, the conventions defined in the URL below (see References) are followed; the sequences are taken as non-aligned. For all formats, the nucleotides can be arranged in any way with blanks and line-breaks inside (with the restriction that the first ten nucleotides must be contiguous for the interleaved and sequential formats, see below). The names of the sequences are read in the file. Particularities for each format are detailed below.

• Interleaved:the function starts to read the sequences after it finds one or more spaces (or tabulations). All characters before the sequences are taken as the taxa names after removing the leading and trailing spaces (so spaces in taxa names are allowed). It is assumed that the taxa names are not repeated in the subsequent blocks of nucleotides.

Sequential:the same criterion than for the interleaved format is used to start reading the sequences and the taxa names; the sequences are then read until the number of nucleotides specified in the first line of the file is reached. This is repeated for each taxa.

Clustal:this is the format output by the Clustal programs (.aln). It is somehow similar to the interleaved format: the differences being that the dimensions of the data are not indicated in the file, and the names of the sequences are repeated in each block.

FASTA:This looks like the sequential format but the taxa names (or rather a description of the sequence) are on separate lines beginning with a `greater than' character `>' (there may be leading spaces before this character). These lines are taken as taxa names after removing the `>' and the possible leading and trailing spaces. All the data in the file before the first sequence is ignored.

References

Anonymous. FASTA format. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTA_format

Felsenstein, J. (1993) Phylip (Phylogeny Inference Package) version 3.5c. Department of Genetics, University of Washington. http://evolution.genetics.washington.edu/phylip/phylip.html

See Also

read.GenBank, write.dna, DNAbin, dist.dna, woodmouse

Examples

### a small extract from `data(woddmouse)'
cat("3 40",
"No305     NTTCGAAAAACACACCCACTACTAAAANTTATCAGTCACT",
"No304     ATTCGAAAAACACACCCACTACTAAAAATTATCAACCACT",
"No306     ATTCGAAAAACACACCCACTACTAAAAATTATCAATCACT",
file = "exdna.txt", sep = "\n")
ex.dna <- read.dna("exdna.txt", format = "sequential")
str(ex.dna)
ex.dna
### the same data in interleaved format...
cat("3 40",
"No305     NTTCGAAAAA CACACCCACT",
"No304     ATTCGAAAAA CACACCCACT",
"No306     ATTCGAAAAA CACACCCACT",
"          ACTAAAANTT ATCAGTCACT",
"          ACTAAAAATT ATCAACCACT",
"          ACTAAAAATT ATCAATCACT",
file = "exdna.txt", sep = "\n")
ex.dna2 <- read.dna("exdna.txt")
### ... in clustal format...
cat("CLUSTAL (ape) multiple sequence alignment", "",
"No305     NTTCGAAAAACACACCCACTACTAAAANTTATCAGTCACT",
"No304     ATTCGAAAAACACACCCACTACTAAAAATTATCAACCACT",
"No306     ATTCGAAAAACACACCCACTACTAAAAATTATCAATCACT",
"           ************************** ******  ****",
file = "exdna.txt", sep = "\n")
ex.dna3 <- read.dna("exdna.txt", format = "clustal")
### ... and in FASTA format
cat(">No305",
"NTTCGAAAAACACACCCACTACTAAAANTTATCAGTCACT",
">No304",
"ATTCGAAAAACACACCCACTACTAAAAATTATCAACCACT",
">No306",
"ATTCGAAAAACACACCCACTACTAAAAATTATCAATCACT",
file = "exdna.txt", sep = "\n")
ex.dna4 <- read.dna("exdna.txt", format = "fasta")
### They are the same!
identical(ex.dna, ex.dna2)
identical(ex.dna, ex.dna3)
identical(ex.dna, ex.dna4)
unlink("exdna.txt") # clean-up