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cSEM: Composite-based SEM

Purpose

Estimate, analyse, test, and study linear, nonlinear, hierachical and multi-group structural equation models using composite-based approaches and procedures, including estimation techniques such as partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) and its derivatives (PLSc, OrdPLSc, robustPLSc), generalized structured component analysis (GSCA), generalized structured component analysis with uniqueness terms (GSCAm), generalized canonical correlation analysis (GCCA), principal component analysis (PCA), factor score regression (FSR) using sum score, regression or bartlett scores (including bias correction using Croon’s approach), as well as several tests and typical postestimation procedures (e.g., verify admissibility of the estimates, assess the model fit, test the model fit, compute confidence intervals, compare groups, etc.).

Installation

The package is available on CRAN:

install.packages("cSEM")

To install the development version use:

# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("M-E-Rademaker/cSEM")

Getting started

The best place to get started is the cSEM-website.

Basic usage

The basic usage is illustrated below.

Usully, using cSEM is the same 3 step procedure:

  1. Pick a dataset and specify a model using lavaan syntax
  2. Use csem()
  3. Apply one of the postestimation functions listed below on the resulting object.

Postestimation functions

There are five major postestimation verbs, three test family functions and three do-family of function:

  • assess() : assess the model using common quality criteria
  • infer() : calculate common inferencial quantities (e.g., standard errors, confidence intervals)
  • predict() : predict endogenous indicator values
  • summarize() : summarize the results
  • verify() : verify admissibility of the estimates

Tests are performed by using the test family of functions. Currently, the following tests are implemented:

  • testOMF() : performs a test for overall model fit
  • testMICOM() : performs a test for composite measurement invariance
  • testMGD() : performs several tests to assess multi-group differences
  • testHausman() : performs the regression-based Hausman test to test for endogeneity

Other miscellaneous postestimation functions belong do the do-family of functions. Currently, three do functions are implemented:

  • doIPMA(): performs an importance-performance matrix analysis
  • doNonlinearEffectsAnalysis(): performs a nonlinear effects analysis such as floodlight and surface analysis
  • doRedundancyAnalysis(): performs a redundancy analysis

All functions require a cSEMResults object.

Example

Models are defined using lavaan syntax with some slight modifications (see the Specifying a model section on the cSEM-website). For illustration we use the build-in and well-known satisfaction dataset.

require(cSEM)
    
## Note: The operator "<~" tells cSEM that the construct to its left is modelled
##       as a composite.
##       The operator "=~" tells cSEM that the construct to its left is modelled
##       as a common factor.
##       The operator "~" tells cSEM which are the dependent (left-hand side) and
##       independent variables (right-hand side).
    
model <- "
# Structural model
EXPE ~ IMAG
QUAL ~ EXPE
VAL  ~ EXPE + QUAL
SAT  ~ IMAG + EXPE + QUAL + VAL 
LOY  ~ IMAG + SAT

# Composite model
IMAG <~ imag1 + imag2 + imag3
EXPE <~ expe1 + expe2 + expe3 
QUAL <~ qual1 + qual2 + qual3 + qual4 + qual5
VAL  <~ val1  + val2  + val3

# Reflective measurement model
SAT  =~ sat1  + sat2  + sat3  + sat4
LOY  =~ loy1  + loy2  + loy3  + loy4
"

The estimation is conducted using the csem() function.

# Estimate using defaults
res <- csem(.data = satisfaction, .model = model)
res
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## ----------------------------------- Overview -----------------------------------
## 
## Estimation was successful.
## 
## The result is a list of class cSEMResults with list elements:
## 
##  - Estimates
##  - Information
## 
## To get an overview or help type:
## 
##  - ?cSEMResults
##  - str(<object-name>)
##  - listviewer::jsondedit(<object-name>, mode = 'view')
## 
## If you wish to access the list elements directly type e.g. 
## 
##  - <object-name>$Estimates
## 
## Available postestimation commands:
## 
##  - assess(<object-name>)
##  - infer(<object-name)
##  - predict(<object-name>)
##  - summarize(<object-name>)
##  - verify(<object-name>)
## ________________________________________________________________________________

This is equal to:

csem(
   .data                        = satisfaction,
   .model                       = model,
   .approach_cor_robust         = "none",
   .approach_nl                 = "sequential",
   .approach_paths              = "OLS",
   .approach_weights            = "PLS-PM",
   .conv_criterion              = "diff_absolute",
   .disattenuate                = TRUE,
   .dominant_indicators         = NULL,
   .estimate_structural         = TRUE,
   .id                          = NULL,
   .iter_max                    = 100,
   .normality                   = FALSE,
   .PLS_approach_cf             = "dist_squared_euclid",
   .PLS_ignore_structural_model = FALSE,
   .PLS_modes                   = NULL,
   .PLS_weight_scheme_inner     = "path",
   .reliabilities               = NULL,
   .starting_values             = NULL,
   .tolerance                   = 1e-05,
   .resample_method             = "none", 
   .resample_method2            = "none",
   .R                           = 499,
   .R2                          = 199,
   .handle_inadmissibles        = "drop",
   .user_funs                   = NULL,
   .eval_plan                   = "sequential",
   .seed                        = NULL,
   .sign_change_option          = "none"
    )

The result is always a named list of class cSEMResults.

To access list elements use $:

res$Estimates$Loading_estimates 
res$Information$Model

A useful tool to examine a list is the listviewer package. If you are new to cSEM this might be a good way to familiarize yourself with the structure of a cSEMResults object.

listviewer::jsonedit(res, mode = "view") # requires the listviewer package.

Apply postestimation functions:

## Get a summary
summarize(res) 
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## ----------------------------------- Overview -----------------------------------
## 
##  General information:
##  ------------------------
##  Estimation status                = Ok
##  Number of observations           = 250
##  Weight estimator                 = PLS-PM
##  Inner weighting scheme           = "path"
##  Type of indicator correlation    = Pearson
##  Path model estimator             = OLS
##  Second-order approach            = NA
##  Type of path model               = Linear
##  Disattenuated                    = Yes (PLSc)
## 
##  Construct details:
##  ------------------
##  Name  Modeled as     Order         Mode      
## 
##  IMAG  Composite      First order   "modeB"   
##  EXPE  Composite      First order   "modeB"   
##  QUAL  Composite      First order   "modeB"   
##  VAL   Composite      First order   "modeB"   
##  SAT   Common factor  First order   "modeA"   
##  LOY   Common factor  First order   "modeA"   
## 
## ----------------------------------- Estimates ----------------------------------
## 
## Estimated path coefficients:
## ============================
##   Path           Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value
##   EXPE ~ IMAG      0.4714          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL ~ EXPE      0.8344          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ EXPE       0.0457          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ QUAL       0.7013          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ IMAG       0.2450          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ EXPE      -0.0172          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ QUAL       0.2215          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ VAL        0.5270          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ IMAG       0.1819          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ SAT        0.6283          NA        NA        NA
## 
## Estimated loadings:
## ===================
##   Loading          Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value
##   IMAG =~ imag1      0.6306          NA        NA        NA
##   IMAG =~ imag2      0.9246          NA        NA        NA
##   IMAG =~ imag3      0.9577          NA        NA        NA
##   EXPE =~ expe1      0.7525          NA        NA        NA
##   EXPE =~ expe2      0.9348          NA        NA        NA
##   EXPE =~ expe3      0.7295          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL =~ qual1      0.7861          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL =~ qual2      0.9244          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL =~ qual3      0.7560          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL =~ qual4      0.7632          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL =~ qual5      0.7834          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL =~ val1        0.9518          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL =~ val2        0.8056          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL =~ val3        0.6763          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT =~ sat1        0.9243          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT =~ sat2        0.8813          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT =~ sat3        0.7127          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT =~ sat4        0.7756          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY =~ loy1        0.9097          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY =~ loy2        0.5775          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY =~ loy3        0.9043          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY =~ loy4        0.4917          NA        NA        NA
## 
## Estimated weights:
## ==================
##   Weight           Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value
##   IMAG <~ imag1      0.0156          NA        NA        NA
##   IMAG <~ imag2      0.4473          NA        NA        NA
##   IMAG <~ imag3      0.6020          NA        NA        NA
##   EXPE <~ expe1      0.2946          NA        NA        NA
##   EXPE <~ expe2      0.6473          NA        NA        NA
##   EXPE <~ expe3      0.2374          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL <~ qual1      0.2370          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL <~ qual2      0.4712          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL <~ qual3      0.1831          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL <~ qual4      0.1037          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL <~ qual5      0.2049          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL <~ val1        0.7163          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL <~ val2        0.2202          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL <~ val3        0.2082          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT <~ sat1        0.3209          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT <~ sat2        0.3059          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT <~ sat3        0.2474          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT <~ sat4        0.2692          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY <~ loy1        0.3834          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY <~ loy2        0.2434          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY <~ loy3        0.3812          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY <~ loy4        0.2073          NA        NA        NA
## 
## Estimated indicator correlations:
## =================================
##   Correlation       Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value
##   imag1 ~~ imag2      0.6437          NA        NA        NA
##   imag1 ~~ imag3      0.5433          NA        NA        NA
##   imag2 ~~ imag3      0.7761          NA        NA        NA
##   expe1 ~~ expe2      0.5353          NA        NA        NA
##   expe1 ~~ expe3      0.4694          NA        NA        NA
##   expe2 ~~ expe3      0.5467          NA        NA        NA
##   qual1 ~~ qual2      0.6053          NA        NA        NA
##   qual1 ~~ qual3      0.5406          NA        NA        NA
##   qual1 ~~ qual4      0.5662          NA        NA        NA
##   qual1 ~~ qual5      0.5180          NA        NA        NA
##   qual2 ~~ qual3      0.6187          NA        NA        NA
##   qual2 ~~ qual4      0.6517          NA        NA        NA
##   qual2 ~~ qual5      0.6291          NA        NA        NA
##   qual3 ~~ qual4      0.4752          NA        NA        NA
##   qual3 ~~ qual5      0.5074          NA        NA        NA
##   qual4 ~~ qual5      0.6402          NA        NA        NA
##   val1 ~~ val2        0.6344          NA        NA        NA
##   val1 ~~ val3        0.4602          NA        NA        NA
##   val2 ~~ val3        0.6288          NA        NA        NA
## 
## ------------------------------------ Effects -----------------------------------
## 
## Estimated total effects:
## ========================
##   Total effect    Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value
##   EXPE ~ IMAG       0.4714          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL ~ IMAG       0.3933          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL ~ EXPE       0.8344          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ IMAG        0.2974          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ EXPE        0.6309          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ QUAL        0.7013          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ IMAG        0.4807          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ EXPE        0.5001          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ QUAL        0.5911          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ VAL         0.5270          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ IMAG        0.4840          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ EXPE        0.3142          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ QUAL        0.3714          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ VAL         0.3311          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ SAT         0.6283          NA        NA        NA
## 
## Estimated indirect effects:
## ===========================
##   Indirect effect    Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value
##   QUAL ~ IMAG          0.3933          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ IMAG           0.2974          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ EXPE           0.5852          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ IMAG           0.2357          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ EXPE           0.5173          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ QUAL           0.3696          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ IMAG           0.3020          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ EXPE           0.3142          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ QUAL           0.3714          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ VAL            0.3311          NA        NA        NA
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## Verify admissibility of the results
verify(res) 
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## 
## Verify admissibility:
## 
##   admissible
## 
## Details:
## 
##   Code   Status    Description
##   1      ok        Convergence achieved                                   
##   2      ok        All absolute standardized loading estimates <= 1       
##   3      ok        Construct VCV is positive semi-definite                
##   4      ok        All reliability estimates <= 1                         
##   5      ok        Model-implied indicator VCV is positive semi-definite  
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## Test overall model fit
testOMF(res)
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## --------- Test for overall model fit based on Beran & Srivastava (1985) --------
## 
## Null hypothesis:
## 
##                            +------------------------------------------------------------------+
##                            |                                                                  |
##                            |   H0: The model-implied indicator covariance matrix equals the   |
##                            |   population indicator covariance matrix.                        |
##                            |                                                                  |
##                            +------------------------------------------------------------------+
## 
## Test statistic and critical value: 
## 
##                                      Critical value
##  Distance measure    Test statistic    95%   
##  dG                      0.6493      0.3245  
##  SRMR                    0.0940      0.0524  
##  dL                      2.2340      0.6952  
##  dML                     2.9219      1.6185  
##  
## 
## Decision: 
## 
##                          Significance level
##  Distance measure          95%   
##  dG                      reject  
##  SRMR                    reject  
##  dL                      reject  
##  dML                     reject  
##  
## Additional information:
## 
##  Out of 499 bootstrap replications 477 are admissible.
##  See ?verify() for what constitutes an inadmissible result.
## 
##  The seed used was: 891891725
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## Assess the model
assess(res)
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## 
##  Construct        AVE           R2          R2_adj    
##  SAT            0.6851        0.7624        0.7585    
##  LOY            0.5552        0.5868        0.5834    
##  EXPE             NA          0.2222        0.2190    
##  QUAL             NA          0.6963        0.6951    
##  VAL              NA          0.5474        0.5438    
## 
## -------------- Common (internal consistency) reliability estimates -------------
## 
##  Construct Cronbachs_alpha   Joereskogs_rho   Dijkstra-Henselers_rho_A 
##  SAT        0.8940           0.8960                0.9051          
##  LOY        0.8194           0.8237                0.8761          
## 
## ----------- Alternative (internal consistency) reliability estimates -----------
## 
##  Construct       RhoC         RhoC_mm    RhoC_weighted
##  SAT            0.8960        0.8938        0.9051    
##  LOY            0.8237        0.8011        0.8761    
## 
##  Construct  RhoC_weighted_mm     RhoT      RhoT_weighted
##  SAT            0.9051        0.8940        0.8869    
##  LOY            0.8761        0.8194        0.7850    
## 
## --------------------------- Distance and fit measures --------------------------
## 
##  Geodesic distance           = 0.6493432
##  Squared Euclidian distance  = 2.23402
##  ML distance                 = 2.921932
## 
##  Chi_square     = 727.5611
##  Chi_square_df  = 3.954137
##  CFI            = 0.8598825
##  CN             = 75.14588
##  GFI            = 0.7280612
##  IFI            = 0.8615598
##  NFI            = 0.8229918
##  NNFI           = 0.8240917
##  RMSEA          = 0.108922
##  RMS_theta      = 0.05069299
##  SRMR           = 0.09396871
## 
##  Degrees of freedom    = 184
## 
## --------------------------- Model selection criteria ---------------------------
## 
##  Construct        AIC          AICc          AICu     
##  EXPE          -59.8152      192.2824      -57.8072   
##  QUAL          -294.9343     -42.8367      -292.9263  
##  VAL           -193.2127      58.9506      -190.1945  
##  SAT           -350.2874     -97.9418      -345.2368  
##  LOY           -215.9322      36.2311      -212.9141  
## 
##  Construct        BIC           FPE           GM      
##  EXPE          -52.7723       0.7872       259.8087   
##  QUAL          -287.8914      0.3074       271.8568   
##  VAL           -182.6483      0.4617       312.7010   
##  SAT           -332.6801      0.2463       278.2973   
##  LOY           -205.3678      0.4216       291.0665   
## 
##  Construct        HQ            HQc       Mallows_Cp  
##  EXPE          -56.9806      -56.8695       2.7658    
##  QUAL          -292.0997     -291.9886      14.8139   
##  VAL           -188.9608     -188.7516      52.1366   
##  SAT           -343.2010     -342.7088      10.6900   
##  LOY           -211.6804     -211.4711      30.5022   
## 
## ----------------------- Variance inflation factors (VIFs) ----------------------
## 
##   Dependent construct: 'VAL'
## 
##  Independent construct    VIF value 
##  EXPE                      3.2928   
##  QUAL                      3.2928   
## 
##   Dependent construct: 'SAT'
## 
##  Independent construct    VIF value 
##  EXPE                      3.2985   
##  QUAL                      4.4151   
##  IMAG                      1.7280   
##  VAL                       2.6726   
## 
##   Dependent construct: 'LOY'
## 
##  Independent construct    VIF value 
##  IMAG                      1.9345   
##  SAT                       1.9345   
## 
## ------------ Variance inflation factors (VIFs) for modeB constructs ------------
## 
##   Construct: 'IMAG'
## 
##  Weight    VIF value 
##  imag1      2.8359   
##  imag2      5.5535   
##  imag3      4.5088   
## 
##   Construct: 'EXPE'
## 
##  Weight    VIF value 
##  expe1      2.3551   
##  expe2      2.7116   
##  expe3      2.4116   
## 
##   Construct: 'QUAL'
## 
##  Weight    VIF value 
##  qual1      3.0835   
##  qual2      4.4376   
##  qual3      2.9575   
##  qual4      3.7341   
##  qual5      3.4566   
## 
##   Construct: 'VAL'
## 
##  Weight    VIF value 
##  val1       2.7725   
##  val2       3.8349   
##  val3       2.7307   
## 
## -------------------------- Effect sizes (Cohen's f^2) --------------------------
## 
##   Dependent construct: 'EXPE'
## 
##  Independent construct       f^2    
##  IMAG                      0.2856   
## 
##   Dependent construct: 'QUAL'
## 
##  Independent construct       f^2    
##  EXPE                      2.2928   
## 
##   Dependent construct: 'VAL'
## 
##  Independent construct       f^2    
##  EXPE                      0.0014   
##  QUAL                      0.3301   
## 
##   Dependent construct: 'SAT'
## 
##  Independent construct       f^2    
##  IMAG                      0.1462   
##  EXPE                      0.0004   
##  QUAL                      0.0468   
##  VAL                       0.4373   
## 
##   Dependent construct: 'LOY'
## 
##  Independent construct       f^2    
##  IMAG                      0.0414   
##  SAT                       0.4938   
## 
## ------------------------------ Validity assessment -----------------------------
## 
##  Heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations matrix (HTMT matrix)
## 
##           SAT LOY
## SAT 1.0000000   0
## LOY 0.7432489   1
## 
## 
##  Fornell-Larcker matrix
## 
##           SAT       LOY
## SAT 0.6851491 0.5696460
## LOY 0.5696460 0.5551718
## 
## 
## ------------------------------------ Effects -----------------------------------
## 
## Estimated total effects:
## ========================
##   Total effect    Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value
##   EXPE ~ IMAG       0.4714          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL ~ IMAG       0.3933          NA        NA        NA
##   QUAL ~ EXPE       0.8344          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ IMAG        0.2974          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ EXPE        0.6309          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ QUAL        0.7013          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ IMAG        0.4807          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ EXPE        0.5001          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ QUAL        0.5911          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ VAL         0.5270          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ IMAG        0.4840          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ EXPE        0.3142          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ QUAL        0.3714          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ VAL         0.3311          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ SAT         0.6283          NA        NA        NA
## 
## Estimated indirect effects:
## ===========================
##   Indirect effect    Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value
##   QUAL ~ IMAG          0.3933          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ IMAG           0.2974          NA        NA        NA
##   VAL ~ EXPE           0.5852          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ IMAG           0.2357          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ EXPE           0.5173          NA        NA        NA
##   SAT ~ QUAL           0.3696          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ IMAG           0.3020          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ EXPE           0.3142          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ QUAL           0.3714          NA        NA        NA
##   LOY ~ VAL            0.3311          NA        NA        NA
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## Predict indicator scores of endogenous constructs
predict(res)
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## ----------------------------------- Overview -----------------------------------
## 
##  Number of obs. training          = 225
##  Number of obs. test              = 25
##  Number of cv folds               = 10
##  Number of repetitions            = 10
##  Handle inadmissibles             = stop
##  Target                           = 'PLS-PM'
##  Benchmark                        = 'lm'
## 
## ------------------------------ Prediction metrics ------------------------------
## 
## 
##   Name      MAE target  MAE benchmark  RMSE target RMSE benchmark   Q2_predict
##   expe1         1.4543         1.5652       1.9036         2.0918       0.0570
##   expe2         1.4129         1.4800       1.9337         2.0261       0.2013
##   expe3         1.6326         1.7315       2.1255         2.2254       0.1252
##   qual1         1.4733         1.5447       1.9249         2.0615       0.1179
##   qual2         1.5792         1.5381       2.0406         2.0616       0.2176
##   qual3         1.7330         1.7305       2.2222         2.2855       0.1195
##   qual4         1.2344         1.1948       1.5957         1.6257       0.2347
##   qual5         1.5047         1.5012       1.9339         1.9524       0.1967
##   val1          1.4462         1.3657       1.8705         1.7686       0.2496
##   val2          1.2258         1.2054       1.6482         1.7122       0.1729
##   val3          1.4806         1.3806       1.9684         1.9330       0.1489
##   sat1          1.2467         1.2361       1.6438         1.6221       0.3402
##   sat2          1.2292         1.1968       1.6368         1.6273       0.3113
##   sat3          1.3388         1.2748       1.6699         1.7201       0.2120
##   sat4          1.3145         1.2613       1.6635         1.6342       0.2805
##   loy1          1.6905         1.6574       2.2340         2.2220       0.2680
##   loy2          1.4842         1.4719       1.9105         1.9775       0.1327
##   loy3          1.7028         1.6677       2.2797         2.2685       0.2702
##   loy4          1.6874         1.6654       2.1756         2.2940       0.0878
## ________________________________________________________________________________

Resampling and Inference

By default no inferential quantities are calculated since most composite-based estimators have no closed-form expressions for standard errors. Resampling is used instead. cSEM mostly relies on the bootstrap procedure (although jackknife is implemented as well) to estimate standard errors, test statistics, and critical quantiles.

cSEM offers two ways to compute resamples:

  1. Setting .resample_method in csem() to "jackkinfe" or "bootstrap" and subsequently using postestimation functions summarize() or infer().
  2. The same result is achieved by passing a cSEMResults object to resamplecSEMResults() and subsequently using postestimation functions summarize() or infer().
# Setting `.resample_method`
b1 <- csem(.data = satisfaction, .model = model, .resample_method = "bootstrap")
# Using resamplecSEMResults()
b2 <- resamplecSEMResults(res)

Now summarize() shows inferencial quantities as well:

summarize(b1)
## ________________________________________________________________________________
## ----------------------------------- Overview -----------------------------------
## 
##  General information:
##  ------------------------
##  Estimation status                = Ok
##  Number of observations           = 250
##  Weight estimator                 = PLS-PM
##  Inner weighting scheme           = "path"
##  Type of indicator correlation    = Pearson
##  Path model estimator             = OLS
##  Second-order approach            = NA
##  Type of path model               = Linear
##  Disattenuated                    = Yes (PLSc)
## 
##  Resample information:
##  ---------------------
##  Resample method                  = "bootstrap"
##  Number of resamples              = 499
##  Number of admissible results     = 489
##  Approach to handle inadmissibles = "drop"
##  Sign change option               = "none"
##  Random seed                      = 842990549
## 
##  Construct details:
##  ------------------
##  Name  Modeled as     Order         Mode      
## 
##  IMAG  Composite      First order   "modeB"   
##  EXPE  Composite      First order   "modeB"   
##  QUAL  Composite      First order   "modeB"   
##  VAL   Composite      First order   "modeB"   
##  SAT   Common factor  First order   "modeA"   
##  LOY   Common factor  First order   "modeA"   
## 
## ----------------------------------- Estimates ----------------------------------
## 
## Estimated path coefficients:
## ============================
##                                                              CI_percentile   
##   Path           Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value         95%        
##   EXPE ~ IMAG      0.4714      0.0623    7.5621    0.0000 [ 0.3470; 0.5977 ] 
##   QUAL ~ EXPE      0.8344      0.0234   35.6303    0.0000 [ 0.7892; 0.8718 ] 
##   VAL ~ EXPE       0.0457      0.0846    0.5403    0.5890 [-0.1084; 0.2299 ] 
##   VAL ~ QUAL       0.7013      0.0784    8.9506    0.0000 [ 0.5368; 0.8502 ] 
##   SAT ~ IMAG       0.2450      0.0558    4.3924    0.0000 [ 0.1304; 0.3496 ] 
##   SAT ~ EXPE      -0.0172      0.0710   -0.2428    0.8081 [-0.1609; 0.1173 ] 
##   SAT ~ QUAL       0.2215      0.0984    2.2518    0.0243 [ 0.0532; 0.4280 ] 
##   SAT ~ VAL        0.5270      0.0842    6.2554    0.0000 [ 0.3594; 0.6774 ] 
##   LOY ~ IMAG       0.1819      0.0814    2.2342    0.0255 [ 0.0328; 0.3488 ] 
##   LOY ~ SAT        0.6283      0.0817    7.6949    0.0000 [ 0.4652; 0.7746 ] 
## 
## Estimated loadings:
## ===================
##                                                                CI_percentile   
##   Loading          Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value         95%        
##   IMAG =~ imag1      0.6306      0.0968    6.5131    0.0000 [ 0.4110; 0.7978 ] 
##   IMAG =~ imag2      0.9246      0.0392   23.5839    0.0000 [ 0.8368; 0.9790 ] 
##   IMAG =~ imag3      0.9577      0.0281   34.0459    0.0000 [ 0.8810; 0.9905 ] 
##   EXPE =~ expe1      0.7525      0.0739   10.1781    0.0000 [ 0.5710; 0.8703 ] 
##   EXPE =~ expe2      0.9348      0.0270   34.6519    0.0000 [ 0.8704; 0.9716 ] 
##   EXPE =~ expe3      0.7295      0.0736    9.9161    0.0000 [ 0.5655; 0.8512 ] 
##   QUAL =~ qual1      0.7861      0.0640   12.2923    0.0000 [ 0.6435; 0.8826 ] 
##   QUAL =~ qual2      0.9244      0.0218   42.3976    0.0000 [ 0.8692; 0.9568 ] 
##   QUAL =~ qual3      0.7560      0.0634   11.9210    0.0000 [ 0.6088; 0.8548 ] 
##   QUAL =~ qual4      0.7632      0.0520   14.6809    0.0000 [ 0.6513; 0.8531 ] 
##   QUAL =~ qual5      0.7834      0.0482   16.2425    0.0000 [ 0.6773; 0.8545 ] 
##   VAL =~ val1        0.9518      0.0233   40.7882    0.0000 [ 0.8949; 0.9825 ] 
##   VAL =~ val2        0.8056      0.0607   13.2795    0.0000 [ 0.6800; 0.9067 ] 
##   VAL =~ val3        0.6763      0.0731    9.2486    0.0000 [ 0.5265; 0.7993 ] 
##   SAT =~ sat1        0.9243      0.0228   40.4635    0.0000 [ 0.8716; 0.9597 ] 
##   SAT =~ sat2        0.8813      0.0294   30.0008    0.0000 [ 0.8121; 0.9318 ] 
##   SAT =~ sat3        0.7127      0.0542   13.1468    0.0000 [ 0.5968; 0.8020 ] 
##   SAT =~ sat4        0.7756      0.0488   15.8852    0.0000 [ 0.6626; 0.8546 ] 
##   LOY =~ loy1        0.9097      0.0475   19.1362    0.0000 [ 0.8023; 0.9829 ] 
##   LOY =~ loy2        0.5775      0.0835    6.9170    0.0000 [ 0.3967; 0.7344 ] 
##   LOY =~ loy3        0.9043      0.0421   21.5012    0.0000 [ 0.8078; 0.9712 ] 
##   LOY =~ loy4        0.4917      0.0928    5.2964    0.0000 [ 0.3218; 0.6737 ] 
## 
## Estimated weights:
## ==================
##                                                                CI_percentile   
##   Weight           Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value         95%        
##   IMAG <~ imag1      0.0156      0.1166    0.1342    0.8932 [-0.2235; 0.2426 ] 
##   IMAG <~ imag2      0.4473      0.1463    3.0565    0.0022 [ 0.1685; 0.7181 ] 
##   IMAG <~ imag3      0.6020      0.1366    4.4089    0.0000 [ 0.3084; 0.8311 ] 
##   EXPE <~ expe1      0.2946      0.1147    2.5692    0.0102 [ 0.0727; 0.5230 ] 
##   EXPE <~ expe2      0.6473      0.0840    7.7075    0.0000 [ 0.4600; 0.7901 ] 
##   EXPE <~ expe3      0.2374      0.0950    2.4985    0.0125 [ 0.0240; 0.4014 ] 
##   QUAL <~ qual1      0.2370      0.0890    2.6633    0.0077 [ 0.0787; 0.4108 ] 
##   QUAL <~ qual2      0.4712      0.0768    6.1356    0.0000 [ 0.3004; 0.6111 ] 
##   QUAL <~ qual3      0.1831      0.0812    2.2548    0.0241 [ 0.0033; 0.3334 ] 
##   QUAL <~ qual4      0.1037      0.0645    1.6085    0.1077 [-0.0159; 0.2317 ] 
##   QUAL <~ qual5      0.2049      0.0656    3.1224    0.0018 [ 0.0831; 0.3264 ] 
##   VAL <~ val1        0.7163      0.0934    7.6659    0.0000 [ 0.5069; 0.8638 ] 
##   VAL <~ val2        0.2202      0.0879    2.5050    0.0122 [ 0.0738; 0.4080 ] 
##   VAL <~ val3        0.2082      0.0623    3.3436    0.0008 [ 0.0817; 0.3272 ] 
##   SAT <~ sat1        0.3209      0.0155   20.7568    0.0000 [ 0.2959; 0.3541 ] 
##   SAT <~ sat2        0.3059      0.0141   21.7558    0.0000 [ 0.2841; 0.3380 ] 
##   SAT <~ sat3        0.2474      0.0117   21.0768    0.0000 [ 0.2238; 0.2695 ] 
##   SAT <~ sat4        0.2692      0.0116   23.2330    0.0000 [ 0.2461; 0.2919 ] 
##   LOY <~ loy1        0.3834      0.0242   15.8698    0.0000 [ 0.3377; 0.4269 ] 
##   LOY <~ loy2        0.2434      0.0297    8.1888    0.0000 [ 0.1795; 0.2886 ] 
##   LOY <~ loy3        0.3812      0.0266   14.3510    0.0000 [ 0.3274; 0.4315 ] 
##   LOY <~ loy4        0.2073      0.0347    5.9685    0.0000 [ 0.1429; 0.2774 ] 
## 
## Estimated indicator correlations:
## =================================
##                                                                 CI_percentile   
##   Correlation       Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value         95%        
##   imag1 ~~ imag2      0.6437      0.0615   10.4704    0.0000 [ 0.5201; 0.7575 ] 
##   imag1 ~~ imag3      0.5433      0.0667    8.1414    0.0000 [ 0.4219; 0.6646 ] 
##   imag2 ~~ imag3      0.7761      0.0402   19.2995    0.0000 [ 0.6946; 0.8432 ] 
##   expe1 ~~ expe2      0.5353      0.0548    9.7731    0.0000 [ 0.4204; 0.6372 ] 
##   expe1 ~~ expe3      0.4694      0.0591    7.9377    0.0000 [ 0.3502; 0.5874 ] 
##   expe2 ~~ expe3      0.5467      0.0587    9.3106    0.0000 [ 0.4285; 0.6555 ] 
##   qual1 ~~ qual2      0.6053      0.0556   10.8895    0.0000 [ 0.4787; 0.7080 ] 
##   qual1 ~~ qual3      0.5406      0.0608    8.8891    0.0000 [ 0.4053; 0.6542 ] 
##   qual1 ~~ qual4      0.5662      0.0633    8.9457    0.0000 [ 0.4378; 0.6802 ] 
##   qual1 ~~ qual5      0.5180      0.0673    7.6936    0.0000 [ 0.3756; 0.6471 ] 
##   qual2 ~~ qual3      0.6187      0.0547   11.3100    0.0000 [ 0.5020; 0.7089 ] 
##   qual2 ~~ qual4      0.6517      0.0598   10.8960    0.0000 [ 0.5257; 0.7561 ] 
##   qual2 ~~ qual5      0.6291      0.0547   11.4977    0.0000 [ 0.5044; 0.7233 ] 
##   qual3 ~~ qual4      0.4752      0.0629    7.5534    0.0000 [ 0.3493; 0.5842 ] 
##   qual3 ~~ qual5      0.5074      0.0628    8.0788    0.0000 [ 0.3844; 0.6222 ] 
##   qual4 ~~ qual5      0.6402      0.0546   11.7207    0.0000 [ 0.5271; 0.7342 ] 
##   val1 ~~ val2        0.6344      0.0549   11.5579    0.0000 [ 0.5234; 0.7387 ] 
##   val1 ~~ val3        0.4602      0.0673    6.8340    0.0000 [ 0.3136; 0.5915 ] 
##   val2 ~~ val3        0.6288      0.0605   10.3853    0.0000 [ 0.5122; 0.7373 ] 
## 
## ------------------------------------ Effects -----------------------------------
## 
## Estimated total effects:
## ========================
##                                                               CI_percentile   
##   Total effect    Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value         95%        
##   EXPE ~ IMAG       0.4714      0.0623    7.5621    0.0000 [ 0.3470; 0.5977 ] 
##   QUAL ~ IMAG       0.3933      0.0582    6.7630    0.0000 [ 0.2851; 0.5149 ] 
##   QUAL ~ EXPE       0.8344      0.0234   35.6303    0.0000 [ 0.7892; 0.8718 ] 
##   VAL ~ IMAG        0.2974      0.0581    5.1166    0.0000 [ 0.1923; 0.4164 ] 
##   VAL ~ EXPE        0.6309      0.0487   12.9538    0.0000 [ 0.5330; 0.7266 ] 
##   VAL ~ QUAL        0.7013      0.0784    8.9506    0.0000 [ 0.5368; 0.8502 ] 
##   SAT ~ IMAG        0.4807      0.0672    7.1482    0.0000 [ 0.3415; 0.6014 ] 
##   SAT ~ EXPE        0.5001      0.0552    9.0654    0.0000 [ 0.3899; 0.6090 ] 
##   SAT ~ QUAL        0.5911      0.0926    6.3833    0.0000 [ 0.4205; 0.7679 ] 
##   SAT ~ VAL         0.5270      0.0842    6.2554    0.0000 [ 0.3594; 0.6774 ] 
##   LOY ~ IMAG        0.4840      0.0710    6.8183    0.0000 [ 0.3480; 0.6148 ] 
##   LOY ~ EXPE        0.3142      0.0540    5.8202    0.0000 [ 0.2122; 0.4293 ] 
##   LOY ~ QUAL        0.3714      0.0828    4.4839    0.0000 [ 0.2363; 0.5527 ] 
##   LOY ~ VAL         0.3311      0.0738    4.4886    0.0000 [ 0.1918; 0.4761 ] 
##   LOY ~ SAT         0.6283      0.0817    7.6949    0.0000 [ 0.4652; 0.7746 ] 
## 
## Estimated indirect effects:
## ===========================
##                                                                  CI_percentile   
##   Indirect effect    Estimate  Std. error   t-stat.   p-value         95%        
##   QUAL ~ IMAG          0.3933      0.0582    6.7630    0.0000 [ 0.2851; 0.5149 ] 
##   VAL ~ IMAG           0.2974      0.0581    5.1166    0.0000 [ 0.1923; 0.4164 ] 
##   VAL ~ EXPE           0.5852      0.0681    8.5879    0.0000 [ 0.4400; 0.7238 ] 
##   SAT ~ IMAG           0.2357      0.0463    5.0907    0.0000 [ 0.1504; 0.3332 ] 
##   SAT ~ EXPE           0.5173      0.0667    7.7552    0.0000 [ 0.3951; 0.6567 ] 
##   SAT ~ QUAL           0.3696      0.0625    5.9168    0.0000 [ 0.2451; 0.4865 ] 
##   LOY ~ IMAG           0.3020      0.0547    5.5220    0.0000 [ 0.2025; 0.4111 ] 
##   LOY ~ EXPE           0.3142      0.0540    5.8202    0.0000 [ 0.2122; 0.4293 ] 
##   LOY ~ QUAL           0.3714      0.0828    4.4839    0.0000 [ 0.2363; 0.5527 ] 
##   LOY ~ VAL            0.3311      0.0738    4.4886    0.0000 [ 0.1918; 0.4761 ] 
## ________________________________________________________________________________

Several resample-based confidence intervals are implemented, see ?infer():

infer(b1, .quantity = c("CI_standard_z", "CI_percentile")) # no print method yet

Both bootstrap and jackknife resampling support platform-independent multiprocessing as well as setting random seeds via the future framework. For multiprocessing simply set .eval_plan = "multiprocess" in which case the maximum number of available cores is used if not on Windows. On Windows as many separate R instances are opened in the backround as there are cores available instead. Note that this naturally has some overhead so for a small number of resamples multiprocessing will not always be faster compared to sequential (single core) processing (the default). Seeds are set via the .seed argument.

b <- csem(
  .data            = satisfaction,
  .model           = model, 
  .resample_method = "bootstrap",
  .R               = 999,
  .seed            = 98234,
  .eval_plan       = "multiprocess")

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install.packages('cSEM')

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Version

0.3.1

License

GPL-3

Issues

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Maintainer

Manuel Rademaker

Last Published

February 14th, 2021

Functions in cSEM (0.3.1)

cSEM-package

cSEM: A package for composite-based structural equation modeling
Switching

Data: Switching
Yooetal2000

Data: Yooetal2000
args_default

Show argument defaults or candidates
assess

Assess model
adjustAlpha

Internal: Multiple testing correction
calculateHTMT

HTMT
calculateAVE

Average variance extracted (AVE)
calculateModelSelectionCriteria

Model selection criteria
args_assess_dotdotdot

Complete list of assess()'s ... arguments
calculateInnerWeightsPLS

Internal: Calculate the inner weights for PLS-PM
calculateIndicatorCor

Internal: Calculate indicator correlation matrix
calculateConstructVCV

Internal: Calculate construct variance-covariance matrix
calculatePr

Internal: Calculation of the CDF used in Henseler et al. (2009)
calculate2ndStage

Internal: Second/Third stage of the two-stage approach for second order constructs
calculateWeightsKettenring

Calculate composite weights using GCCA
calculateWeightsGSCAm

Calculate weights using GSCAm
calculateReliabilities

Internal: Calculate Reliabilities
calculateCompositeVCV

Internal: Calculate composite variance-covariance matrix
calculateDf

Degrees of freedom
calculateFR

Internal: ANOVA F-test statistic
calculateGoF

Goodness of Fit (GoF)
calculateCorrectionFactors

Internal: Calculate PLSc correction factors
calculateOuterWeightsPLS

Internal: Calculate the outer weights for PLS-PM
doIPMA

Do an importance-performance matrix analysis
classifyConstructs

Internal: Classify structural model terms by type
distance_measures

Calculate difference between S and Sigma_hat
getConstructScores

Get construct scores
checkConvergence

Internal: Check convergence
calculateVIFModeB

Calculate variance inflation factors (VIF) for weights obtained by PLS Mode B
calculateFLCriterion

Fornell-Larcker criterion
convertModel

Internal: Convert second order cSEMModel
getParameterNames

Internal: Parameter names
plot.cSEMIPMA

cSEMIPMA method for plot()
calculateEffects

Internal: Calculate direct, indirect and total effect
calculateParameterDifference

Internal: Parameter differences across groups
csem

Composite-based SEM
plot.cSEMNonlinearEffects

cSEMNonlinearEffects method for plot()
print.cSEMTestHausman

cSEMTestHausman method for print()
calculateWeightsPCA

Calculate composite weights using principal component analysis (PCA)
predict

Predict indicator scores
calculateDistance

Internal: Matrix difference
plot.cSEMPredict

cSEMPredict method for plot()
calculateWeightsPLS

Calculate composite weights using PLS-PM
testHausman

Regression-based Hausman test
print.cSEMTestMGD

cSEMTestMGD method for print()
setDominantIndicator

Internal: Set the dominant indicator
testMGD

Tests for multi-group comparisons
calculateWeightsUnit

Calculate composite weights using unit weights
setStartingValues

Internal: Set starting values
csem_arguments

cSEMArguments
fit

Model-implied indicator or construct variance-covariance matrix
estimatePath

Internal: Estimate the structural coefficients
calculatef2

Calculate Cohens f^2
doNonlinearEffectsAnalysis

Do a nonlinear effects analysis
csem_results

cSEMResults
calculateWeightsGSCA

Calculate composite weights using GSCA
fit_measures

Model fit measures
foreman

Internal: Composite-based SEM
csem_summary

cSEMSummarize
print.cSEMResults

cSEMResults method for print()
moments

Internal: Calculate consistent moments of a nonlinear model
handleArgs

Internal: Handle arguments
csem_model

cSEMModel
inference_helper

Internal: Helper for infer()
doRedundancyAnalysis

Do a redundancy analysis
getRelevantParameters

Internal: Extract relevant parameters from several cSEMResults_multi
infer

Inference
print.cSEMPlotPredict

cSEMPlotPredict method for print()
print.cSEMPredict

cSEMPredict method for print()
print.cSEMTestMICOM

cSEMTestMICOM method for print()
parseModel

Parse lavaan model
dgp_2ndorder_cf_of_c

Data: Second order common factor of composites
nonlinear_estimation_utilities

Internal: Utility functions for the estimation of nonlinear models
csem_test

cSEMTest
getValuesFloodlight

Internal: Helper for doNonlinearEffectsAnalysis()
print.cSEMNonlinearEffects

cSEMNonlinearEffectsAnalysis method for print()
resampleData

Resample data
reliability

Reliability
testMICOM

Test measurement invariance of composites
print.cSEMAssess

cSEMAssess method for print()
resamplecSEMResults

Resample cSEMResults
print.cSEMSummarize

cSEMSummarize method for print()
scaleWeights

Internal: Scale weights
satisfaction_gender

Data: satisfaction including gender
satisfaction

Data: satisfaction
print.cSEMVerify

cSEMVerify method for print()
testOMF

Test for overall model fit
threecommonfactors

Data: threecommonfactors
print.cSEMTestOMF

cSEMTestOMF method for print()
verify

Verify admissibility
processData

Internal: Process data
summarize

Summarize model
structureTestMGDDecisions

Internal: get structured cSEMTestMGD results
BergamiBagozzi2000

Data: BergamiBagozzi2000
Anime

Data: Anime
LancelotMiltgenetal2016

Data: LancelotMiltgenetal2016
ITFlex

Data: ITFlex
PoliticalDemocracy

Data: political democracy
Sigma_Summers_composites

Data: Summers
SQ

Data: SQ
Russett

Data: Russett