spdep (version 1.3-7)

moran.test: Moran's I test for spatial autocorrelation

Description

Moran's test for spatial autocorrelation using a spatial weights matrix in weights list form. The assumptions underlying the test are sensitive to the form of the graph of neighbour relationships and other factors, and results may be checked against those of moran.mc permutations.

Usage

moran.test(x, listw, randomisation=TRUE, zero.policy=attr(listw, "zero.policy"),
 alternative="greater", rank = FALSE, na.action=na.fail, spChk=NULL,
 adjust.n=TRUE, drop.EI2=FALSE)

Value

A list with class htest containing the following components:

statistic

the value of the standard deviate of Moran's I.

p.value

the p-value of the test.

estimate

the value of the observed Moran's I, its expectation and variance under the method assumption.

alternative

a character string describing the alternative hypothesis.

method

a character string giving the assumption used for calculating the standard deviate.

data.name

a character string giving the name(s) of the data.

Arguments

x

a numeric vector the same length as the neighbours list in listw

listw

a listw object created for example by nb2listw

randomisation

variance of I calculated under the assumption of randomisation, if FALSE normality

zero.policy

default attr(listw, "zero.policy") as set when listw was created, if attribute not set, use global option value; if TRUE assign zero to the lagged value of zones without neighbours, if FALSE assign NA

alternative

a character string specifying the alternative hypothesis, must be one of greater (default), less or two.sided.

rank

logical value - default FALSE for continuous variables, if TRUE, uses the adaptation of Moran's I for ranks suggested by Cliff and Ord (1981, p. 46)

na.action

a function (default na.fail), can also be na.omit or na.exclude - in these cases the weights list will be subsetted to remove NAs in the data. It may be necessary to set zero.policy to TRUE because this subsetting may create no-neighbour observations. Note that only weights lists created without using the glist argument to nb2listw may be subsetted. If na.pass is used, zero is substituted for NA values in calculating the spatial lag

spChk

should the data vector names be checked against the spatial objects for identity integrity, TRUE, or FALSE, default NULL to use get.spChkOption()

adjust.n

default TRUE, if FALSE the number of observations is not adjusted for no-neighbour observations, if TRUE, the number of observations is adjusted

drop.EI2

default FALSE, if TRUE, emulate CrimeStat <= 4.02

Author

Roger Bivand

References

Cliff, A. D., Ord, J. K. 1981 Spatial processes, Pion, p. 21; Bivand RS, Wong DWS 2018 Comparing implementations of global and local indicators of spatial association. TEST, 27(3), 716--748 tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1007/s11749-018-0599-x")

See Also

moran, moran.mc, listw2U

Examples

data(oldcol)
coords.OLD <- cbind(COL.OLD$X, COL.OLD$Y)
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="B"))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="C"))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="S"))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"),
 randomisation=FALSE)
colold.lags <- nblag(COL.nb, 3)
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(colold.lags[[2]],
 style="W"))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(colold.lags[[3]],
 style="W"))
print(is.symmetric.nb(COL.nb))
COL.k4.nb <- knn2nb(knearneigh(coords.OLD, 4))
print(is.symmetric.nb(COL.k4.nb))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.k4.nb, style="W"))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, nb2listw(COL.k4.nb, style="W"),
 randomisation=FALSE)
cat("Note: non-symmetric weights matrix, use listw2U()")
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, listw2U(nb2listw(COL.k4.nb,
 style="W")))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, listw2U(nb2listw(COL.k4.nb,
 style="W")), randomisation=FALSE)
ranks <- rank(COL.OLD$CRIME)
names(ranks) <- rownames(COL.OLD)
moran.test(ranks, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"), rank=TRUE)
crime <- COL.OLD$CRIME
is.na(crime) <- sample(1:length(crime), 10)
res <- try(moran.test(crime, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"),
 na.action=na.fail))
res
moran.test(crime, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"), zero.policy=TRUE,
 na.action=na.omit)
moran.test(crime, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"), zero.policy=TRUE,
 na.action=na.exclude)
moran.test(crime, nb2listw(COL.nb, style="W"), na.action=na.pass)
columbus <- st_read(system.file("shapes/columbus.gpkg", package="spData")[1], quiet=TRUE)
col_geoms <- st_geometry(columbus)
col_geoms[1] <- st_buffer(col_geoms[1], dist=-0.05)
st_geometry(columbus) <- col_geoms
(nb1 <- poly2nb(columbus))
try(lw <- nb2listw(nb1, style="W"))
(lw <- nb2listw(nb1, style="W", zero.policy=TRUE))
moran.test(COL.OLD$CRIME, lw)